Table 4.
Associations between natural log–transformed phthalate concentrations (μg/L) and measures of adiposity from a generalized estimating equation relating repeated measures of adiposity outcomes among females.
| Skinfold thickness (mm) | BMI–for–age z–score | Waist circumference (cm) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude modela | Adjusted model | Crude modela | Adjusted model | Crude modela | Adjusted model | |
| MEP | ||||||
| T1 | 0.80 (−0.82, 2.42) | 1.27 (−0.52, 3.06) | 0.06 (−0.12, 0.23) | 0.06 (−0.12, 0.24) | 0.24 (−1.26, 1.74) | 0.66 (−0.95, 2.27) |
| T2 | 0.69 (−1.64, 3.02) | 0.54 (−1.82, 2.90) | 0.00 (−0.21, 0.22) | 0.02 (−0.20, 0.25) | 0.29 (−1.72, 2.30) | 0.07 (−1.86, 2.00) |
| T3 | 1.16 (−0.79, 3.12) | 1.24 (−0.93, 3.42) | 0.01 (−0.21, 0.23) | 0.01 (−0.21, 0.23) | 0.13 (−1.61, 1.87) | 0.21 (−1.63, 2.05) |
| PA visit 1 | 0.49 (−1.01, 1.99) | 0.13 (−1.45, 1.72) | 0.05 (−0.1, 0.20) | 0.05 (−0.10, 0.20) | 0.37 (−0.95, 1.68) | 0.03 (−1.18, 1.24) |
| MBP | ||||||
| T1 | 1.20 (−0.79, 3.18) | 1.88 (−0.42, 4.18) | 0.24 (0.03, 0.46)** | 0.25 (0.03, 0.46)** | 1.09 (−0.52, 2.71) | 1.72 (−0.09, 3.53)* |
| T2 | −1.13 (−3.44, 1.19) | −1.45 (−3.67, 0.77) | −0.12 (−0.32, 0.08) | −0.12 (−0.32, 0.08) | −0.91 (−2.71, 0.89) | −1.20 (−2.94, 0.53) |
| T3 | 0.23 (−1.99, 2.45) | 0.05 (−2.23, 2.32) | −0.06 (−0.25, 0.14) | −0.06 (−0.26, 0.14) | −0.20 (−2.02, 1.61) | −0.36 (−2.09, 1.36) |
| PA visit 1 | −1.54 (−3.90, 0.82) | −2.28 (−4.86, 0.29)* | −0.21 (−0.46, 0.03)* | −0.21 (−0.46, 0.03)* | −0.94 (−2.93, 1.04) | −1.63 (−3.65, 0.40) |
| MIBP | ||||||
| T1 | 2.16 (0.31, 4.01)** | 3.41 (1.50, 5.31)*** | 0.28 (0.11, 0.45)*** | 0.28 (0.12, 0.45)*** | 1.19 (−0.29, 2.66) | 2.33 (0.86, 3.8)*** |
| T2 | 0.82 (−1.44, 3.09) | 1.46 (−0.76, 3.68) | 0.03 (−0.19, 0.25) | 0.03 (−0.19, 0.24) | −0.06 (−2.29, 2.18) | 0.55 (−1.61, 2.72) |
| T3 | 1.21 (−1.96, 4.37) | 2.17 (−1.23, 5.56) | 0.11 (−0.21, 0.42) | 0.10 (−0.20, 0.40) | 0.64 (−1.92, 3.21) | 1.55 (−1.14, 4.23) |
| PA visit 1 | −1.15 (−3.93, 1.62) | −0.38 (−3.23, 2.47) | −0.10 (−0.4, 0.20) | −0.10 (−0.39, 0.20) | −1.85 (−3.97, 0.28)* | −1.15 (−3.29, 0.99) |
| MCPP | ||||||
| T1 | 0.30 (−1.93, 2.53) | 0.97 (−1.64, 3.58) | 0.18 (−0.08, 0.44) | 0.18 (−0.08, 0.45) | 0.39 (−1.47, 2.25) | 1.01 (−1.03, 3.04) |
| T2 | −1.59 (−4.55, 1.37) | −1.49 (−4.36, 1.38) | −0.16 (−0.42, 0.11) | −0.15 (−0.40, 0.11) | −1.50 (−3.85, 0.86) | −1.45 (−3.67, 0.78) |
| T3 | −0.96 (−3.74, 1.83) | −1.08 (−4.03, 1.87) | −0.11 (−0.36, 0.15) | −0.11 (−0.36, 0.14) | −0.50 (−2.68, 1.68) | −0.60 (−2.84, 1.63) |
| PA visit 1 | −0.96 (−3.48, 1.55) | −1.30 (−4.15, 1.54) | −0.19 (−0.45, 0.07) | −0.19 (−0.44, 0.07) | −0.93 (−2.92, 1.06) | −1.25 (−3.41, 0.90) |
| MBzP | ||||||
| T1 | −0.51 (−2.38, 1.36) | −0.10 (−2.21, 2.00) | 0.04 (−0.17, 0.25) | 0.04 (−0.18, 0.25) | −0.37 (−1.86, 1.12) | 0.03 (−1.70, 1.76) |
| T2 | −2.31 (−4.56, −0.06)** | −2.53 (−4.78, −0.28)** | −0.21 (−0.45, 0.03)* | −0.22 (−0.46, 0.03)* | −1.82 (−3.89, 0.24)* | −2.01 (−4.07, 0.05)* |
| T3 | −0.83 (−3.25, 1.59) | −1.20 (−3.81, 1.42) | −0.22 (−0.45, 0.01)* | −0.23 (−0.46, 0.01)* | −1.00 (−3.07, 1.07) | −1.32 (−3.37, 0.73) |
| PA visit 1 | 0.52 (−2.44, 3.48) | 0.61 (−2.67, 3.88) | 0.11 (−0.21, 0.42) | 0.10 (−0.23, 0.43) | −0.40 (−2.92, 2.13) | −0.31 (−3.11, 2.49) |
| MECPP | ||||||
| T1 | −0.09 (−2.93, 2.76) | 0.68 (−2.35, 3.70) | 0.13 (−0.16, 0.41) | 0.13 (−0.16, 0.41) | −0.25 (−2.47, 1.97) | 0.48 (−1.90, 2.87) |
| T2 | −0.84 (−3.84, 2.15) | −1.24 (−4.61, 2.13) | −0.06 (−0.40, 0.27) | −0.08 (−0.42, 0.26) | 0.27 (−2.53, 3.07) | −0.05 (−3.11, 3.02) |
| T3 | −0.04 (−2.87, 2.78) | −0.72 (−3.63, 2.19) | −0.01 (−0.25, 0.23) | −0.02 (−0.26, 0.21) | 0.64 (−1.84, 3.11) | 0.07 (−2.29, 2.43) |
| PA visit 1 | −0.13 (−3.22, 2.95) | 0.74 (−2.73, 4.21) | 0.11 (−0.23, 0.45) | 0.10 (−0.25, 0.45) | −0.40 (−3.1, 2.31) | 0.43 (−2.47, 3.33) |
| MEHHP | ||||||
| T1 | 0.07 (−2.34, 2.47) | 0.89 (−1.72, 3.49) | 0.13 (−0.11, 0.38) | 0.13 (−0.12, 0.38) | −0.14 (−1.98, 1.70) | 0.64 (−1.41, 2.68) |
| T2 | −1.02 (−3.61, 1.57) | −1.35 (−4.19, 1.49) | −0.11 (−0.40, 0.19) | −0.12 (−0.42, 0.17) | −0.39 (−2.88, 2.11) | −0.63 (−3.33, 2.07) |
| T3 | −0.07 (−2.67, 2.53) | −0.56 (−3.22, 2.10) | −0.03 (−0.25, 0.19) | −0.03 (−0.25, 0.19) | 0.39 (−1.80, 2.58) | −0.03 (−2.16, 2.09) |
| PA visit 1 | 0.10 (−2.87, 3.06) | 1.12 (−2.29, 4.52) | 0.12 (−0.22, 0.45) | 0.11 (−0.23, 0.45) | −0.52 (−3.06, 2.03) | 0.44 (−2.37, 3.26) |
| MEHP | ||||||
| T1 | −2.10 (−4.62, 0.42) | −1.95 (−4.46, 0.56) | −0.13 (−0.37, 0.12) | −0.13 (−0.38, 0.12) | −1.72 (−3.53, 0.09)* | −1.57 (−3.33, 0.20)* |
| T2 | −1.48 (−4.23, 1.27) | −2.07 (−4.97, 0.83) | −0.16 (−0.47, 0.14) | −0.19 (−0.50, 0.13) | −1.24 (−3.89, 1.40) | −1.72 (−4.54, 1.10) |
| T3 | −1.09 (−4.20, 2.03) | −1.35 (−4.39, 1.7) | −0.11 (−0.36, 0.14) | −0.11 (−0.36, 0.14) | −0.16 (−2.55, 2.23) | −0.40 (−2.60, 1.79) |
| PA visit 1 | −0.96 (−4.12, 2.20) | −0.77 (−4.14, 2.61) | −0.03 (−0.35, 0.29) | −0.03 (−0.35, 0.29) | −0.80 (-3.48, 1.88) | −0.6 (−3.42, 2.21) |
| MEOHP | ||||||
| T1 | −0.20 (−2.61, 2.20) | 0.46 (−2.13, 3.06) | 0.09 (−0.15, 0.34) | 0.09 (−0.16, 0.34) | −0.40 (−2.21, 1.41) | 0.24 (−1.78, 2.26) |
| T2 | −1.20 (−3.84, 1.43) | −1.73 (−4.65, 1.19) | −0.13 (−0.44, 0.17) | −0.15 (−0.45, 0.15) | −0.56 (−3.14, 2.02) | −0.99 (−3.81, 1.83) |
| T3 | 0.01 (−2.64, 2.67) | −0.56 (−3.32, 2.20) | −0.03 (−0.24, 0.18) | −0.04 (−0.24, 0.17) | 0.38 (−1.75, 2.51) | −0.11 (−2.19, 1.97) |
| PA visit 1 | −0.44 (−3.43, 2.54) | 0.56 (−2.87, 3.99) | 0.05 (−0.28, 0.38) | 0.04 (−0.30, 0.39) | −0.97 (−3.54, 1.59) | −0.03 (−2.87, 2.82) |
| ∑DEHP | ||||||
| T1 | −0.66 (−3.45, 2.12) | 0.06 (−2.82, 2.95) | 0.08 (−0.20, 0.36) | 0.08 (−0.20, 0.36) | −0.61 (−2.77, 1.54) | 0.08 (−2.20, 2.36) |
| T2 | −1.02 (−3.99, 1.95) | −1.44 (−4.77, 1.89) | −0.09 (−0.43, 0.25) | −0.11 (−0.45, 0.23) | −0.13 (−2.98, 2.71) | −0.46 (−3.57, 2.66) |
| T3 | −0.07 (−3.08, 2.94) | −0.75 (−3.89, 2.39) | −0.02 (−0.27, 0.23) | −0.03 (−0.28, 0.21) | 0.69 (−1.72, 3.11) | 0.11 (−2.28, 2.50) |
| PA visit 1 | −0.07 (−3.18, 3.04) | 0.87 (−2.65, 4.39) | 0.11 (−0.23, 0.46) | 0.10 (−0.25, 0.46) | −0.47 (−3.18, 2.24) | 0.42 (−2.51, 3.36) |
*
p < 0.10,
**
p<0.05,
***
p < 0.01.
a
Crude models are adjusted for specific gravity. Adjusted models include specific gravity, maternal education, and age. Effect estimates (95% CI) are displayed.