Fig. 2.

Exposure levels for sanitation-related (left) and hygiene-related (right) burden of disease estimates.

Note: these exposure levels are used for the WASH-attributable burden of diarrhoeal disease and – for hygiene - acute respiratory infections assessment, exposure levels used for burden of disease estimation of other diseases vary. “limited”, “unimproved” and “basic” facilities and services follow definitions of the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene (JMP) (WHO and UNICEF, undated). “Counterfactual” signifies the counterfactual exposure distribution used for the diarrhoeal disease and respiratory infections assessment and presents the plausible minimum exposure distribution. The theoretical minimum risk exposure distribution (which is not used for the diarrhoea and respiratory infections analysis) would be “Safely managed sanitation” and “Essential hygiene conditions and practices including hand- and facewashing, menstrual hygiene management and food hygiene”. The length of the different arrows in not intended to quantify differences in disease risk.