. 2019 Jun;222(5):765–777. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.05.004

Table 1.

Adverse health outcomes that are at least partly attributable to inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene behaviours.

Global WASH-attributable disease burden not quantified	Global WASH-attributable disease burden estimates available
Health outcomes	Health outcomes	Main WASH exposure
Arsenicosis Cyanobacterial toxins Fluorosis Hepatitis A, E Lead poisonings Legionellosis Leptospirosis Methaemoglobinaemia Neonatal conditions and maternal outcomes Poliomyelitis Scabies Spinal injury	Ascariasis	sanitation
	Cancer (bladder)	drinking water
	Dengue	water resource management/water bodies
	Diarrhoeal diseases	drinking water, sanitation, hygiene behaviours*
	Drowning^d	recreational water/water bodies
	Hookworm disease^a	Sanitation
	Japanese Encephalitis	water resource management/agricultural practices
	Lymphatic filariasis	water resource management/water bodies
	Malaria^d	water resource management/water bodies
	Musculoskeletal diseases	drinking water
	Onchocerciasis	water resource management
	Protein-energy malnutrition^a,b,c	drinking water, sanitation, hygiene behaviours*
	Respiratory infections^c	hygiene behaviours*
	Schistosomiasis^a,b,c,d	drinking water, sanitation, hygiene behaviours*, water resource management/agricultural practices/recreational water
	Trachoma^a,c	sanitation, hygiene behaviours*
	Trichuriasis^a	Sanitation

The listed diseases are based on prior work (Prüss-Ustün et al., 2016, 2008). Health outcomes quantified in this article are written in bold. *hygiene behaviours include hand hygiene(diarrhoeal diseases, protein-energy malnutrition, trachoma), face hygiene (trachoma), food hygiene (hookworm) and bathing (schistosomiasis).