Table 1.

Novel inherent properties in animal development and evolution.

Property	Gene or molecular motif	Character
1. Properties dependent on novel genes or regulatory motifs coincident with emergence of Metazoa Liquid-tissue state Regulated cell polarity Capacity to exaggerate intrinsic cell functions Morphogen gradients	Classical cadherins Wnt Enhancers; PcGI proteins Hedgehog, BMPs	Multicellularity; layering Lumens; elongated tissues Differentiation Simple cell patterns
2. Properties dependent on novel genes acquired after metazoan origins Liquid-crystalline-tissue state Wettable substrata (basal lamina) Lateral inhibition; oscillation of gene expression Multiple alternative cell types	Vang/Stbm Peroxidasin Notch, Hes1 MyoD, PPARγ, SMAD	Tissue elongation Appendages, glands Complex cell patterns Complex tissues, organs
3. Properties dependent on ancestral genes repurposed into DPMs in the multicellular context Cell-cell cohesion in liquid tissues Apicobasal cell polarization Nonliquid cellular assemblages via matrices Cell-cell electrical coupling	Grainyhead β-catenin Collagen IV Voltage-gated channels	E-M Transformation Epithelia and lumens Mesenchymal tissues Bioelectrical integration

Each list is nonexhaustive but contains the most important examples of its respective category.