Table 3. Pooled risk of antibiotic resistance to extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing bacteria in specimens from children and young adults in South-East Asia and Western Pacific countries by antibiotic class, 2002–2018.
| Antibiotic class | No. of studies | Total no. of patients | ESBL-positive | ESBL-negative | Pooled OR (95% CI)a | I2, % | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Events | Total | Events | Total | |||||
| Cephalosporins | 25 | 3444 | 1339 | 1483 | 632 | 1961 | 70.50 (43.25 to 115.02) | 83 |
| Monobactams | 8 | 879 | 274 | 412 | 63 | 467 | 41.16 (14.05 to 120.55) | 58 |
| Penicillins | 24 | 3148 | 1160 | 1304 | 1091 | 1844 | 19.41 (8.67 to 43.46) | 86 |
| Aminoglyclosides | 25 | 3449 | 495 | 1452 | 276 | 1997 | 5.71 (3.42 to 9.54) | 74 |
| Combinationsb | 22 | 2993 | 706 | 1141 | 739 | 1852 | 4.37 (1.95 to 9.82) | 91 |
| Carbapenems | 22 | 2940 | 79 | 1244 | 64 | 1696 | 3.99 (1.68 to 9.48) | 0 |
| Fluoroquinolones | 25 | 3351 | 627 | 1439 | 607 | 1912 | 3.33 (2.14 to 5.17) | 78 |
| Cotrimoxazole | 15 | 2346 | 547 | 868 | 755 | 1478 | 1.82 (1.35 to 2.47) | 43 |
| Tetracyclines | 7 | 1447 | 355 | 619 | 357 | 828 | 1.58 (0.76 to 3.30) | 81 |
| Nitrofurantoin | 3 | 1039 | 58 | 423 | 90 | 6 | 0.97 (0.64 to 1.46) | 14 |
CI: confidence interval; EBSL: extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing bacteria; OR: odds ratio.
a Mantel–Haenszel random-effects.
b Combinations: Ampicillin + sulbactam; ticarcillin + clavulanic acid; amoxicillin + clavulanate; cefoperazone + sulbactam; piperacillin + tazobactam; ceftazidime+ clavulanic acid.