Table 5. Risk of bias in cohort studies included in the meta-analysis of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-associated infection among children and young adults in South-East Asia and Western Pacific countries, 2002–2018.
| Author | Selection |
Comparability |
Exposure | Total scoreb | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Representativeness of the exposed cohort | Selection of the non-exposed cohort | Ascertainment of exposure | Demonstration that outcome of interest was not present at the start of study | Cohorts are comparable based on the design or analysis | Assessment of outcomea | Follow -up long enough for outcomes to occur | Adequacy of follow-up of cohorts | ||||
| Kim et al., 200220 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | ||
| Jain et al., 200321 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | ||
| Chiu et al., 200523 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | ||
| Huang et al., 200724 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | ||
| Jain & Mondal, 200725 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | ||
| Lee et al., 200727 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | ||
| Sehgal et al., 200728 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | ||
| Bhattacharjee et al., 200829 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | ||
| Anandan et al., 200930 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | ||
| Kim et al., 200931 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | ||
| Shakil et al., 201032 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | ||
| Liu et al., 201134 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | ||
| Wei et al., 201135 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | ||
| Zheng et al., 201237 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | ||
| Vijayakanthi et al., 201338 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | ||
| Themphachana et al., 201440 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | ||
| Duong et al., 201543 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | ||
| Han et al., 201517,c | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | ||
| Han et al., 201544,d | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | ||
| Nisha et al., 201545 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | ||
| Agarwal et al., 2016 46 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | ||
| Amornchaicharoensuk, 201647 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | ||
| He et al., 201751 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | ||
| Kim et al., 201752 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | ||
| Mandal et al., 201753 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 4 | ||
| Nisha et al., 201754 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | ||
| Tsai et al., 201755 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | ||
| Weerasinghe et al., 201858 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 4 | ||
a Subjects in different outcome groups are comparable, based on the study design or analysis. Confounding factors are controlled
b Maximum score: 8.
C Neutropoenia study
d Urinary tract infection study.
Notes: We applied the Newcastle–Ottawa scale to assess risk of bias in non-randomized studies.14 Only studies scoring ≥ 5 and ≤ 8 were designated low risk of bias, ≥ 3 and ≤ 4 as moderate and ≤ 2 as high.