Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Type 1 diabetes (n = 25) | Controls (n = 25) | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 46.1 ± 6.3 | 44.3 ± 8.5 | 0.409 |
| Sex (m/f(%male)) | 10/15 (40%) | 13/12 (52%) | 0.395 |
| Estimated IQ | 112.3 ± 12.7 | 109.4 ± 13.1 | 0.433 |
| Education levela | 6 [2‐8] | 6 [4‐8] | 0.204 |
| BMI (kg/m²) | 26.2 ± 4.9 | 25.1 ± 2.9 | 0.307 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 75.4 ± 7.8 | 78.9 ± 6.2 | 0.088 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 133.0 [107.0‐151.5] | 128.0 [101.0‐139.0] | 0.137 |
| Hypertensionb (n(%)) | 11 (44%) | ‐ | ‐ |
| Smoking (n(%)) | 3 (12%) | 2 (8%) | 0.637 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.4 ± 0.8 | 4.8 ± 0.9 | 0.120 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 63 ± 10.9 | 34 ± 3.3 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.9 ± 1.0 | 5.3 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 34.7 ± 8.1 | ‐ | ‐ |
| Diabetes early onsetc (n(%)) | 8 (32%) | ‐ | ‐ |
| Severe hypoglycemic eventsd | 1 [0‐25] | ‐ | ‐ |
| Albuminuria (n(%))e | 5 (20%) | ‐ | ‐ |
| Peripheral neuropathy (n(%))f | 10 (40%) | ‐ | ‐ |
Data are presented as mean ± SD, median[range] or absolute number(%). BMI, body mass index; HbA1c , glycated hemoglobin; IQ, intelligence quotient; m/f, male/female. Bold values are statistically significant results (P < 0.05).
Education level was based on a Dutch scoring system ranging from 1 to 8, One indicates unfinished primary school, and 8 indicates a completed university study at master's level.
Hypertension was defined as a systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg or above, a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg or above or the use of antihypertensive drugs.
Early onset of type 1 diabetes was defined as diabetes onset before the age of seven.
Severe hypoglycemic events were self‐reported.
Albuminuria was defined as an albumin: creatinine ratio >2.5 mg/mmol for men and >3.5 mg/mmol for women and assessed with 24‐hour urine sampling.
Peripheral neuropathy was based on medical records or, in case they were not available, based on self‐report.