Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of US-Born Youth Participants With Low or Moderate or With High Perceived Immigration Policy Effects Scale (PIPES) Score.
| Variable | No. (%) | PIPES Score | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (%) | P Value | |||
| Low or Moderatea | Highb | |||
| Youth sex | <.001 | |||
| Male | 190 (47.9) | 169 (53.7) | 21 (25.6) | |
| Female | 207 (52.1) | 146 (46.4) | 61 (74.4) | |
| Father’s country of birth | .31 | |||
| United States | 14 (3.6) | 13 (4.2) | 1 (1.3) | |
| Mexico | 365 (93.6) | 290 (92.7) | 75 (97.4) | |
| Other | 11 (2.8) | 10 (3.2) | 1 (1.3) | |
| Mother’s length of time in the United States at delivery, y | .06 | |||
| ≤1 | 90 (22.7) | 65 (20.6) | 25 (30.5) | |
| 2-5 | 106 (26.7) | 83 (26.4) | 23 (28.1) | |
| 6-10 | 101 (25.4) | 80 (25.4) | 21 (25.6) | |
| ≥11 | 79 (19.9) | 66 (21.0) | 13 (15.9) | |
| Entire life | 21 (5.3) | 21 (6.7) | 0 | |
| Mother’s age at delivery, y | .97 | |||
| 18-24 | 156 (39.3) | 123 (39.1) | 33 (40.2) | |
| 25-29 | 125 (31.5) | 101 (32.1) | 24 (29.3) | |
| 30-34 | 76 (19.1) | 60 (19.1) | 16 (19.5) | |
| 35-45 | 40 (10.1) | 31 (9.8) | 9 (11.0) | |
| Mother’s educational level | .14 | |||
| ≤6th Grade | 184 (46.3) | 138 (43.8) | 46 (56.1) | |
| 7-12th Grade | 132 (33.3) | 110 (34.9) | 22 (26.8) | |
| ≥High school graduate | 81 (20.4) | 67 (21.3) | 14 (17.1) | |
| Mother’s marital status at aged-16-y visit | .23 | |||
| Not married | 103 (25.9) | 86 (27.3) | 17 (20.7) | |
| Married or living as married | 294 (74.1) | 229 (72.7) | 65 (79.3) | |
| Household income at aged-16-y visit | .67 | |||
| At or below poverty level | 229 (57.7) | 180 (57.1) | 49 (59.8) | |
| Above poverty level | 168 (42.3) | 135 (42.9) | 33 (40.2) | |
| Mother’s depression at aged-16-y visit | .21 | |||
| No | 269 (67.9) | 218 (69.4) | 51 (62.2) | |
| Yes | 127 (32.1) | 96 (30.6) | 31 (37.8) | |
a
PIPES score of 8-23 corresponds to a mean of less than sometimes responses for all 8 questions (n = 315).
b
PIPES score of 24-40 corresponds to a mean of more than sometimes responses for all 8 questions (n = 82).