Table 2. Summary of Health Outcomes of US-Born Youth Participants.
| Health Outcome | Overall | Male | Female | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total No. | No. (%) With Outcome | Total No. | No. (%) With Outcome | Total No. | No. (%) With Outcome | |
| Blood Pressure | ||||||
| SBP, mean (SD), mm Hga | 351 | 111.1 (11.7) | 172 | 115.0 (11.0) | 179 | 107.2 (11.0) |
| No hypertension | 274 (78.1) | 118 (68.6) | 156 (87.2) | |||
| Prehypertension | 56 (16.0) | 44 (25.6) | 12 (6.7) | |||
| Stage 1 hypertension | 19 (5.4) | 10 (5.8) | 9 (5.0) | |||
| Stage 2 hypertension | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.6) | |||
| DBP, mean (SD), mm Hg | 351 | 62.1 (7.1) | 172 | 62.9 (6.8) | 179 | 61.4 (7.4) |
| MAP, mean (SD), mm Hg | 351 | 81.0 (7.9) | 172 | 82.9 (7.3) | 179 | 79.2 (8.0) |
| Body Composition | ||||||
| BMI, mean (SD)b | 391 | 27.1 (7.4) | 187 | 26.9 (6.9) | 204 | 27.3 (7.8) |
| BMI z score, mean (SD) | 1.03 (1.17) | 1.09 (1.21) | 0.98 (1.13) | |||
| BMI percentile, mean (SD) | 75.5 (27.4) | 75.5 (28.3) | 75.4 (26.5) | |||
| Underweight | 6 (1.5) | 3 (1.6) | 3 (1.5) | |||
| Normal or healthy weight | 175 (44.8) | 81 (43.3) | 94 (46.1) | |||
| Overweight | 69 (17.6) | 29 (15.5) | 40 (19.6) | |||
| Obese | 141 (36.1) | 74 (39.6) | 67 (32.8) | |||
| Anxiety | ||||||
| Youth self-report, mean (SD), T scorec | 386 | 50.8 (11.1) | 184 | 49.8 (10.4) | 202 | 51.8 (11.7) |
| Clinically significant | 22 (5.7) | 4 (2.2) | 18 (8.9) | |||
| At risk | 61 (15.8) | 29 (15.8) | 32 (15.8) | |||
| Average | 229 (59.3) | 111 (60.3) | 118 (58.4) | |||
| Low | 69 (17.9) | 40 (21.7) | 29 (14.4) | |||
| Very low | 5 (1.3) | 0 (0) | 5 (2.5) | |||
| Parent report, mean (SD), T scorec | 391 | 49.9 (9.8) | 187 | 50.4 (8.7) | 204 | 49.4 (10.8) |
| Clinically significant | 15 (3.8) | 6 (3.2) | 9 (4.4) | |||
| At risk | 48 (12.3) | 17 (9.1) | 31 (15.2) | |||
| Average | 266 (68) | 136 (72.7) | 130 (63.7) | |||
| Low | 56 (14.3) | 28 (15.0) | 28 (13.7) | |||
| Very low | 6 (1.5) | 0 (0) | 6 (2.9) | |||
| Depression | ||||||
| Youth self-report, mean (SD), T scorec | 386 | 48.1 (10.0) | 184 | 46.9 (8.4) | 202 | 49.2 (11.3) |
| Clinically significant | 22 (5.7) | 4 (2.2) | 18 (8.9) | |||
| At risk | 35 (9.1) | 17 (9.2) | 18 (8.9) | |||
| Average | 210 (54.4) | 108 (58.7) | 102 (50.5) | |||
| Low | 119 (30.8) | 55 (29.9) | 64 (31.7) | |||
| Parent report, mean (SD), T scorec | 391 | 51.1 (10.6) | 187 | 50.9 (8.6) | 204 | 51.2 (12.1) |
| Clinically significant | 24 (6.1) | 9 (4.8) | 15 (7.4) | |||
| At risk | 37 (9.5) | 13 (7.0) | 24 (11.8) | |||
| Average | 279 (71.4) | 145 (77.5) | 134 (65.7) | |||
| Low | 51 (13.0) | 20 (10.7) | 31 (15.2) | |||
| Sleep Quality | ||||||
| PSQI score, mean (SD)d | 386 | 3.8 (2.4) | 183 | 3.3 (2.3) | 203 | 4.2 (2.5) |
| Poor sleep quality | 45 (11.7) | 45 (24.6) | 76 (37.4) | |||
| Subjective Health | ||||||
| Parent-rated health, mean (SD), 1-5e | 385 | 2.29 (0.97) | 183 | 2.27 (1.01) | 202 | 2.30 (0.93) |
| Excellent | 95 (24.7) | 50 (27.3) | 45 (22.3) | |||
| Very good | 127 (33.0) | 56 (30.6) | 71 (35.1) | |||
| Good | 122 (31.7) | 56 (30.6) | 66 (32.7) | |||
| Fair | 39 (10.1) | 19 (10.4) | 20 (9.9) | |||
| Poor | 2 (0.5) | 2 (1.1) | 0 (0) | |||
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); DBP, diastolic blood pressure; MAP, mean arterial pressure; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
Systolic blood pressure was categorized by percentile for age, sex, and height as no hypertension (<90th percentile), prehypertension (90th-95th percentile), stage 1 hypertension (95th-99th percentile), or stage 2 hypertension (>99th percentile).
Body mass index was categorized as underweight (<5th percentile), normal or healthy weight (5th-85th percentile), overweight (85th-95th percentile), or obese (≥95th percentile).
The BASC-2 T score was categorized by sex-specific standards as clinically significant (≥70), at risk (60-70), average (40-60), low (30-40), or very low (≤30).
PSQI scores ranged from 0 to 21, with lower scores indicating better sleep. Poor sleep quality was defined as a score of 5 or higher.
Parent report of child's general health is on a scale of 1 (excellent) to 5 (poor).