Table 3. Adjusted Differences in Health Outcomes of US-Born Youth Participants With Low or Moderate or With High Perceived Immigration Policy Effects Scale (PIPES) Scorea.
| Health Outcome | Total PIPES Score | PIPES Subscale Score: Threat to Family Subscale | PIPES Subscale Score: Children’s Vulnerability Subscale | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SE) | Difference, β (95% CI) | Mean (SE) | Difference, β (95% CI) | Mean (SE) | Difference, β (95% CI) | ||||
| Low or Moderateb | Highc | Low or Moderated | Highe | Low or Moderatef | Highg | ||||
| Blood pressure | |||||||||
| SBP, mm Hg | 111.4 (0.7) | 109.7 (1.3) | −1.68 (−4.65 to 1.29) | 111.1 (0.8) | 111.0 (1.0) | −0.14 (−2.65 to 2.37) | 111.5 (0.7) | 109.0 (1.4) | −2.53 (−5.65 to 0.59) |
| DBP, mm Hg | 62.4 (0.4) | 60.9 (0.9) | −1.55 (−3.43 to 0.34) | 62.4 (0.5) | 61.6 (0.6) | −0.77 (−2.36 to 0.82) | 62.4 (0.4) | 60.6 (0.9) | −1.85 (−3.83 to 0.13) |
| MAP, mm Hg | 81.4 (0.5) | 79.7 (0.9) | −1.73 (−3.77 to 0.31) | 81.2 (0.5) | 80.7 (0.7) | −0.51 (−2.23 to 1.22) | 81.4 (0.5) | 79.2 (1.0) | −2.24 (−4.38 to −0.10) |
| Body composition | |||||||||
| BMI | 27.2 (0.4) | 27.1 (0.8) | −0.04 (−1.91 to 1.84) | 27.1 (0.5) | 27.3 (0.6) | 0.20 (−1.38 to 1.78) | 27.2 (0.4) | 27.0 (0.9) | −0.18 (−2.16 to 1.80) |
| Anxiety | |||||||||
| Youth self-report, T score | 49.7 (0.6) | 55.2 (1.3) | 5.43 (2.64 to 8.23) | 50.0 (0.7) | 52.4 (1.0) | 2.38 (−0.01 to 4.77) | 50.0 (0.6) | 54.8 (1.4) | 4.76 (1.80 to 7.71) |
| Parent report, T score | 49.3 (0.6) | 52.2 (1.1) | 2.98 (0.53 to 5.44) | 49.5 (0.6) | 50.5 (0.8) | 1.03 (−1.05 to 3.11) | 49.4 (0.5) | 52.0 (1.2) | 2.52 (−0.07 to 5.12) |
| Depression | |||||||||
| Youth self-report, T score | 47.7 (0.6) | 49.8 (1.2) | 2.14 (−0.41 to 4.69) | 47.8 (0.7) | 48.6 (0.9) | 0.74 (−1.42 to 2.89) | 47.7 (0.6) | 49.8 (1.2) | 2.10 (−0.58 to 4.79) |
| Parent report, T score | 50.8 (0.6) | 52.3 (1.2) | 1.50 (−1.17 to 4.16) | 50.9 (0.7) | 51.5 (0.9) | 0.60 (−1.64 to 2.84) | 51.0 (0.6) | 51.5 (1.3) | 0.55 (−2.26 to 3.35) |
| Sleep quality | |||||||||
| PSQI score | 3.6 (0.1) | 4.6 (0.3) | 0.98 (0.36 to 1.59) | 3.6 (0.2) | 4.2 (0.2) | 0.59 (0.07 to 1.11) | 3.6 (0.1) | 4.7 (0.3) | 1.13 (0.47 to 1.78) |
| Subjective health | |||||||||
| Parent-rated health, 1-5h | 2.3 (0.1) | 2.2 (0.1) | −0.16 (−0.40 to 0.08) | 2.3 (0.1) | 2.3 (0.1) | −0.06 (−0.27 to 0.14) | 2.3 (0.1) | 2.2 (0.1) | −0.12 (−0.38 to 0.14) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); DBP, diastolic blood pressure; MAP, mean arterial pressure; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
Estimates from generalized linear models, with the gaussian distribution and identity link providing the mean change in outcome value for an increase from low or moderate PIPES score to high PIPES score category. Adjusted for maternal educational level, marital status, depression risk, length of time living in the United States at delivery; household income; and youth sex.
Total score of 8 to 23 corresponds to a mean of less than sometimes responses for all 8 questions. Data are within-group means and SEs estimated from regression models.
Total score of 24 to 40 corresponds to a mean of more than sometimes responses for all 8 questions.
Threat to Family subscale score of 3 to 8 corresponds to a mean of less than sometimes responses for all 3 questions.
Threat to Family subscale score of 9 to 15 corresponds to a mean of more than sometimes responses for all 3 questions.
Children's Vulnerability subscale score of 5 to 14 corresponds to a mean of less than sometimes responses for all 5 questions.
Children's Vulnerability subscale score of 15 to 25 corresponds to a mean of more than sometimes responses for all 5 questions.
Parent report of child's general health is on a scale of 1 (excellent) to 5 (poor).