Table 4. Summary of Health Outcomes Changes Between Visits by US-Born Youth Participantsa.
| Health Outcome | Within-Group Change From Aged-14-y to Aged-16-y Visits, Mean (SE) | Between-Group Difference in Differences | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) | P Value for Interaction for Male and Female Comparisond | β (95% CI) | P Value for Interactiond | ||||||
| Low or Moderate PIPES Scoreb | High PIPES Scorec | All Participants | Male | Female | Mother Lived ≤5 y in United States at Delivery | Mother Lived >5 y in United States at Delivery | |||
| Blood pressure | |||||||||
| SBP, mm Hg | 2.88 (0.6) | 0.70 (1.2) | −2.19 (−4.88 to 0.50) | −2.94 (−7.75 to 1.86) | −1.08 (−4.43 to 2.28) | .25 | −4.16 (−7.76 to −0.56) | −0.16 (−4.17 to 3.84) | .10 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 4.42 (0.5) | 2.76 (1.0) | −1.66 (−3.84 to 0.52) | −1.87 (−5.42 to 1.68) | −1.44 (−4.18 to 1.30) | .30 | −3.11 (−6.13 to −0.09) | 0.06 (−2.93 to 3.05) | .11 |
| MAP, mm Hg | 4.96 (5.0) | 3.76 (1.0) | −1.20 (−3.34 to 0.94) | −2.12 (−6.35 to 2.12) | −0.38 (−2.94 to 2.18) | .27 | −2.88 (−5.66 to −0.09) | 0.61 (−2.66 to 3.87) | .13 |
| Body composition | |||||||||
| BMI | 1.77 (0.2) | 2.05 (0.5) | 0.28 (−0.73 to 1.30) | 0.27 (−0.69 to 1.22) | 0.38 (−0.95 to 1.71) | .07 | 0.58 (−0.93 to 2.09) | −0.10 (−1.26 to 1.06) | .33 |
| Anxiety | |||||||||
| Youth self-report, T score | 1.54 (0.6) | 4.45 (1.2) | 2.91 (0.20 to 5.61) | 4.21 (−0.66 to 9.07) | 3.47 (0.08 to 6.85) | .37 | 4.47 (1.20 to 7.74) | 0.94 (−3.67 to 5.55) | .53 |
| Parent report, T score | −0.04 (0.5) | 0.71 (0.7) | 0.75 (−1.40 to 2.90) | −0.48 (−4.74 to 3.77) | 1.41 (−1.16 to 3.98) | .21 | 1.61 (−1.19 to 4.41) | −0.35 (−3.72 to 3.02) | .66 |
| Depression | |||||||||
| Youth self-report, T score | −0.09 (0.6) | 2.54 (2.5) | 2.63 (−0.28 to 5.54) | 1.25 (−2.49 to 5.00) | 3.50 (−0.34 to 7.35) | .97 | 3.87 (0.73 to 7.01) | 1.07 (−4.39 to 6.52) | .49 |
| Parent report, T score | 1.29 (0.5) | 2.58 (1.0) | 1.29 (−0.93 to 3.51) | −1.33 (−4.84 to 2.19) | 2.58 (−0.28 to 5.44) | .71 | 1.98 (−1.19 to 5.14) | 0.69 (−2.24 to 3.62) | .32 |
| Subjective health | |||||||||
| Parent-rated health, 1-5e | 0.07 (0.1) | 0.03 (0.1) | −0.04 (−0.31 to 0.24) | −2.94 (−7.75 to 1.86) | −1.08 (−4.43 to 2.28) | .25 | −0.14 (−0.51 to 0.22) | 0.09 (−0.31 to 0.49) | .77 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; MAP, mean arterial pressure; PIPES, Perceived Immigration Policy Effects Scale; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
Estimates are within-group mean differences and between-group difference-in-differences in continuous value from aged-14-years to aged-16-years visits from generalized estimating equations using the gaussian distribution, identity link, and exchangeable correlation matrix with robust SEs. Models include an interaction term between PIPES category and period and are adjusted for maternal educational level, marital status, depression risk, and length of time living in the United States at delivery; household income; and youth sex.
Total score of 8 to 23 corresponds to a mean of less than sometimes responses for all 8 questions. Data are within-group means and SEs estimated from regression models.
Total score of 24 to 40 corresponds to a mean of more than sometimes responses for all 8 questions.
P value for interaction cross-product terms.
Change in parent report of child's general health is on a scale of 1 (excellent) to 5 (poor) from 14 to 16 years of age.