Table 3.
Lignin‐based materials used for the encapsulation of pesticides and other active substances.
| Carrier material | Active substance[b] | EE [%] | LC [wt %] | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LNCs (AL)[c] | Coumarin 6 | 70–90 | n.a. | 93 |
| LNCs (SLS) | Coumarin 6 | n.a. | n.a. | 56 |
| LNCs (SLS) | sulforhodamine 101 | n.a. | n.a. | 69 |
| LNPs and LNCs (KL) | 2‐propylpyridine | n.a. | n.a. | 55 |
| hollow LNPs (AL)[c] | pyraclostrobin | 64–100 | 2.1–15 | 68 |
| LNC (EHL) | avobenzone, octinoxate | 98 | 53 | 51 |
| LMC (AL)[c] | Coumarin 6 | n.a. | n.a. | 54 |
| lignin–gelatin–formaldehyde resin (azo‐modified LS) | parathion | n.a. | n.a. | 80 |
| LMC (SKL) | hydramethylnon, Bacillus thuringiensis, viruses | n.a. | n.a. | 81 |
[a] LNC—lignin nanocapsule; LMC—lignin microcapsule; LS—lignosulfonate. [b] The active substances are classified in Figure 4 into pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and enzymes. [c] AL from Sigma–Aldrich.