Table 4.

Lignin‐based materials used for the adsorption of active substances.

Carrier material	Active substance[a]	EE [%]	LC [wt %]	Ref.
cellulose/AL hydrogel beads	lipase	52	1.4	100
chitin–KL composite	lipase	1.0–2.0	33–11	102
silica–lignin composite (AL)[b]	lipase	1.7	42	99
cationic LNPs (SKL) entrapped in calcium alginate	lipase, cutinase	96	5.5	101
acetic acid lignin from bamboo shoot shells	α‐amylase	n.a.	1.9	103
lignin NPs (OSL)	tyrosinase	71–90	12–15	84
lignin nanotubes (various lignins)	Plasmid DNA	n.a.	n.a.	104
sugarcane bagasse soda lignin	methotrexate	n.a.	n.a.	77
lignin microspheres (EHL)	λ‐cyhalothrin	n.a.	5.7	57
lignin–alginate hydrogel beads (hydrolytic lignin, Aldrich)	isoproturon	≈40[c]	0.002–0.005[d]	105
aspen rot wood lignin	metamitron, metribuzin	n.a.	n.a.	106
lignosulfonate‐coated microcapsules (SLS)	picloram	50–88	93–97	70
lignin‐based carbon nanodots (LS[e])	curcumin	67	11	61

[a] The active substances are classified in Figure 4 into pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and enzymes. [b] AL from Sigma–Aldrich. [c] Calculated from the adsorption data. [d] Relative to the moist lignin–alginate beads. [e] LS not specified.