Table 6.
Findings from studies involving lignin‐based nano‐ and microscaled materials in vitro and in vivo.
| Type of lignin material | Type of organism(s) | Main findings | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| LMCs (AL)[a] | Chinese hamster ovary cells | non‐cytotoxic without encapsulated drug | 54 |
| Ag‐infused LNPs (SKL) | Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Ralstonia sp. | Ag provides antibacterial effect whereas antibacterial activity of empty particles was due to PDADMAC coating | 117 |
| lignin‐capped Ag NPs (AL)[a] | Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger | antifungal activity>antibacterial activity | 135 |
| lignin‐capped Ag and Au NPs (various lignins) | Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, 3T3 fibroblasts | lignin‐capped Ag NPs and AL as such were non‐cytotoxic to the fibroblasts | 136 |
| resveratrol‐loaded LNPs (lignin extracted from hydrothermally pretreated corn cobs with alkali) | human lung cancer cells, murine Lewis lung carcinoma cells, mice | LNPs were non‐cytotoxic; entrapped resveratrol reduced tumor volume | 66 |
| LNPs (SKL) | various cancerous and non‐cancerous human cell lines | no significant cytotoxic effects | 64 |
| Fe‐containing LNPs (iron isopropoxide‐modified SKL) | various cancerous and non‐cancerous human cell lines | some cytotoxic effects | 64 |
| magnetite NP‐loaded LNPs (SKL) | Various cancerous and non‐cancerous human cell‐lines | some cytotoxic effects | 64 |
| LNPs (AL)[a] | NIH/3T3 fibroblast, mice implanted with B16F10 tumors | some cytotoxic effects at high concentrations; LNPs from p‐toluenesulfonic acid were more biocompatible than LNPs from THF/ethanol/water solvent mixture; histology did not show cytotoxicity of LNPs in mice, doxorubicin‐loaded LNPs, but not bare LNPs, reduced tumor volume | 65 |
| acid‐precipitated LNPs (AL)[a] | Pseudomonas syringae, Xanthomonas axonopodis, Xanthomonas arboricola | antimicrobial activity | 6 |
| soda lignin | albino rats induced with rheumatoid arthritis | intraperitoneal administration of methotrexate‐loaded lignin alleviated symptoms and increased animal growth rates compared to control groups. | 77 |
| lignin‐PHB composite nanofibers (AL)[a,b] | NIH/3T3 fibroblast | no cytotoxicity, good biocompatibility | 159 |
| lignin‐PLA/PLLA nanofibers (AL)[c] | PC12 cell line[d], human mesenchymal stem cells, human dermal fibroblasts | reduced ROS[e] generation and cytotoxicity | 161 |
[a] AL from Sigma–Aldrich. [b] PHB—poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate); PLA—poly(lactic acid); PLLA—poly(L‐lactic acid). [c] AL from TCI. [d] PC12 is a rat adrenal gland‐derived cell line with neuronal characteristics. [e] ROS—reactive oxygen species