Figure 3.

Acid bone lysate (ABL) activates TGF‐β‐Smad2/3 signaling in primary oral fibroblasts on titanium surfaces. Immunofluorescent analysis was performed on human gingival fibroblasts plated onto titanium discs treated with ABL for 1 hour followed by three vigorous washes with buffered saline. After 24 hours, cells were incubated with Smad2/3 antibody and detected with Alexa Fluor 488 secondary antibody. Representative immunofluorescence confirmed the translocation of Smad2/3 into the nucleus on titanium discs coated with either ABL or recombinant TGF‐β