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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jun 26.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Biomed Eng. 2018 Jun 11;2(6):362–376. doi: 10.1038/s41551-018-0246-6

Fig. 4 |. Streamlining the genetic modification of cells for therapy.

Fig. 4 |

a, An overview of the traditional method used for the genetic modification of T cells for CAR-T-cell transformation. Cells are incubated (at conditions for optimal multiplicity of infection) with viruses carrying an engineered vector that enables the expression of a desired antigen receptor, providing the CAR-T cell with recognition specificity. b-d, More efficient methods in various states of use and development to generate CAR-T cells include flow through electroporation (MaxCyte STX), where pores in individual cells are generated by an electrical pulse (b), mechanical membrane disruption by forcing cells through a narrow pore (CellSqueeze, SQZ Biotechnologies; c), and the use of permeabilization solutions where the target vector diffuses through the cell membrane and a stop solution then reverses the permeabilization (Avectas; d). Engineered vectors are displayed in orange and the CAR expressed on the membrane surface is displayed in multiple colours.