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. 2019 Feb 12;15(Suppl 1):e12725. doi: 10.1111/mcn.12725

Table 3.

Roles of fathers and grandmothers in care and feeding of children less than 5 years of age, Tshopo province, DRC

Fathers Grandmothers
Care seeking
  • Advise on how to prevent illness in children (keep the child clean, do not go too long between breastfeeding sessions)

  • Help diagnose the child's illness (including distinguishing between Western diseases and local illnesses)

  • Recommend treatment for illness (usually to try traditional treatment first, then modern medicine if the child does not improve)

  • Give the child a good diet (give the child enough food and give food with vitamins)

  • Seek out medicines at the pharmacy

  • Pay for treatment and care

  • Advise on preventing disease (e.g., wash hands before preparing food, make sure the child eats enough)

  • Advise on caring for and feeding the sick child (continue breastfeeding, give the child an enema to stimulate appetite, and give the child Bakeke tea and biscuits)

  • Advise mothers on breastfeeding (give the breast often, continue feeding sick children, eat enough food and/or take herbs to have sufficient quantity breastmilk)

  • Sometimes help finance the care of sick children to take them to the health facility

Feeding
  • Sometimes feed the child: give meals to the child when the mother is away

  • Advise on breastfeeding: breastfeed children when they cry, breastfeed on demand, the mother should wash her breasts after returning from the field and before breastfeeding

  • Advise on when to start feeding infants: start feeding when she/he begins to cry, start feeding bouillie first, around 6 months

  • Advise on how to feed the child: feed the child well, feed foods that he/she prefers, feed good‐quality foods rich in vitamins, the mother should make an effort to search out sufficient food for children, feed children when they cry, feed the child often, bring the child someone else who can care for him/her when the mother goes to the field to work

  • Advise on food hygiene: wash his/her hands before and after eating, mothers should wash breasts before breastfeeding, prepare food in a clean environment

  • Advise on feeding the sick child: feed the child well to prevent losing weight, feed the child until she/he is sated; give matembela, sombé, meat, fish, fufu, and rice; avoid giving matembela or sombé after the illness has passed

  • Often feed the child: give meals to the child when the mother is away

  • Advise on breastfeeding: give the breast often, the mother should eat enough food herself and/or take traditional medicine to have plenty of breastmilk, wash breasts with soap and water after returning from the field and before breastfeeding

  • Advise on when to start feeding infants: start to feed the child food/liquids once s/he can sit up, around 4–6 months

  • Advise on how to feed the child: feed the child enough, for example, by setting aside food in the evening so the child has something to eat in the morning; or less commonly, do not give children too much food, otherwise they will cry when there is not enough; feed the child until she/he is sated; give food containing vitamins

  • Advise on food hygiene: wash your hands before preparing and serving food, not to feed children food that has been left out uncovered

  • Advise on feeding the sick child: continue feeding; occasionally, force the child to eat a bit; give enemas to restore appetite; give Bakeke with bread or biscuits, rice with mboka and/or sombé, fresh fish, crushed peanuts, eggs