Table 1.
Selected baseline characteristics of patients initiating empagliflozin vs. sitagliptin before and after 1:1 propensity-score matching
| UNMATCHED | PROPENSITY-SCORE MATCHED | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline characteristics | Sitagliptin (N = 201,839) |
Empagliflozin (N = 18,880) |
St. Diff. | Sitagliptin (N = 16,443) |
Empagliflozin (N = 16,443) |
St. Diff. |
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age; mean (sd) | 67.54 (9.46) | 58.41 (8.93) | 0.99 | 59.11 (9.11) | 59.09 (8.94) | 0.00 |
| Male; n (%) | 96,641 (47.9%) | 10,168 (53.9%) | −0.12 | 8,777 (53.4%) | 8,816 (53.6%) | 0.00 |
| Burden of comorbidities | ||||||
| Combined comorbidity score; mean (sd) | 2.89 (2.22) | 2.20 (1.59) | 0.36 | 2.22 (1.66) | 2.19 (1.63) | 0.02 |
| Frailty score, mean (sd) | 0.15 (0.05) | 0.13 (0.04) | 0.44 | 0.14 (0.04) | 0.14 (0.04) | 0.00 |
| Diabetes-related complications | ||||||
| Diabetic nephropathy; n (%) | 20,082 (9.9%) | 1,490 (7.9%) | 0.07 | 1,257 (7.6%) | 1,247 (7.6%) | 0.00 |
| Diabetic retinopathy; n (%) | 14,153 (7.0%) | 1,122 (5.9%) | 0.04 | 966 (5.9%) | 957 (5.8%) | 0.00 |
| Diabetic neuropathy; n (%) | 36,387 (18.0%) | 3,216 (17.0%) | 0.03 | 2,698 (16.4%) | 2,694 (16.4%) | 0.00 |
| Diabetes with peripheral circulatory disorders; n (%) | 12,811 (6.3%) | 762 (4.0%) | 0.10 | 701 (4.3%) | 674 (4.1%) | 0.01 |
| Diabetic Foot; n (%) | 4,986 (2.5%) | 357 (1.9%) | 0.04 | 329 (2.0%) | 298 (1.8%) | 0.01 |
| Hypoglycemia; n (%) | 14,631 (7.2%) | 1,160 (6.1%) | 0.04 | 1,060 (6.4%) | 1,057 (6.4%) | 0.00 |
| Features of diabetes medication initiation and baseline diabetes therapy | ||||||
| No. antidiabetic drugs at cohort entry; mean (sd) | 2.16 (0.77) | 2.29 (0.95) | −0.15 | 2.21 (0.85) | 2.22 (0.90) | −0.01 |
| Naive new user*; n (%) | 27,139 (13.4%) | 1,380 (7.3%) | 0.20 | 1,294 (7.9%) | 1,363 (8.3%) | −0.01 |
| Monotherapy; n (%) | 20,203 (10.0%) | 1,130 (6.0%) | 0.15 | 1,061 (6.5%) | 1,127 (6.9%) | −0.02 |
| Concomitant initiation or current use of metformin; n (%) | 131,791 (65.3%) | 11,305 (59.9%) | 0.11 | 10,010 (60.9%) | 10,092 (61.4%) | −0.01 |
| Concomitant initiation or current use of sulfonylureas; n (%) | 67,409 (33.4%) | 4,849 (25.7%) | 0.17 | 4,385 (26.7%) | 4,378 (26.6%) | 0.00 |
| Concomitant initiation or current use of insulin; n (%) | 19,559 (9.7%) | 3,922 (20.8%) | −0.31 | 3,010 (18.3%) | 2,954 (18.0%) | 0.01 |
| Other comorbidities at baseline | ||||||
| History of CV disease; n (%) | 74,342 (36.8%) | 4,608 (24.4%) | 0.27 | 4,115 (25.0%) | 4,094 (24.9%) | 0.00 |
| Ischemic heart disease; n (%) | 51,715 (25.6%) | 3,382 (17.9%) | 0.19 | 3,013 (18.3%) | 2,980 (18.1%) | 0.01 |
| Previous coronary revascularization; n (%) | 15,386 (7.6%) | 864 (4.6%) | 0.13 | 754 (4.6%) | 772 (4.7%) | 0.00 |
| Ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke; n (%) | 19,753 (9.8%) | 997 (5.3%) | 0.17 | 948 (5.8%) | 913 (5.6%) | 0.01 |
| Heart failure; n (%) | 21,514 (10.7%) | 920 (4.9%) | 0.22 | 884 (5.4%) | 834 (5.1%) | 0.01 |
| Peripheral arterial disease or surgery; n (%) | 20,610 (10.2%) | 959 (5.1%) | 0.19 | 863 (5.2%) | 872 (5.3%) | 0.00 |
| Hypertension; n (%) | 166,283 (82.4%) | 14,422 (76.4%) | 0.15 | 12,565 (76.4%) | 12,513 (76.1%) | 0.01 |
| Chronic kidney disease; n (%) | 31,924 (15.8%) | 1,268 (6.7%) | 0.29 | 1,203 (7.3%) | 1,164 (7.1%) | 0.01 |
| Laboratory test results† | ||||||
| HbA1c (%); mean (sd) | 8.33 (1.78) | 8.50 (1.77) | −0.10 | 8.60 (1.86) | 8.46 (1.77) | 0.08 |
| Patients with HbA1c results available; n (%) | 17,214 (19.3%) | 2,649 (18.4%) | 0.02 | 2,395 (19.7%) | 2,091 (17.2%) | 0.06 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl); mean (sd) | 0.97 (0.33) | 0.88 (0.22) | 0.32 | 0.90 (0.26) | 0.89 (0.22) | 0.04 |
| Patients with creatinine results available; n (%) | 17,436 (19.6%) | 2,812 (19.5%) | 0.00 | 2,441 (20.1%) | 2,197 (18.1%) | 0.05 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl); mean (sd) | 176.96 (45.82) | 176.69 (45.22) | 0.01 | 179.36 (47.83) | 177.42 (45.80) | 0.04 |
| Patients with total cholesterol results available; n (%) | 15,478 (17.4%) | 2,556 (17.8%) | −0.01 | 2,195 (18.1%) | 2,012 (16.5%) | 0.04 |
| LDL level (mg/dl); mean (sd) | 89.89 (47.55) | 87.41 (39.68) | 0.06 | 91.14 (40.49) | 88.07 (39.53) | 0.08 |
| Patients with LDL results available; n (%) | 16,147 (18.1%) | 2,543 (17.7%) | 0.01 | 2,243 (18.4%) | 2,003 (16.5%) | 0.05 |
| HDL level (mg/dl); mean (sd) | 46.32 (44.30) | 44.07 (13.07) | 0.07 | 43.98 (12.61) | 44.24 (13.16) | −0.02 |
| Patients with HDL results available; n (%) | 15,345 (17.2%) | 2,516 (17.5%) | −0.01 | 2,179 (17.9%) | 1,978 (16.3%) | 0.04 |
DPP-4: dipeptidyl peptidase-4; St. Diff: standardized differences, i.e., the difference in means or proportions divided by the pooled standard deviation;9 sd: standard deviation; Q: quarter; GLP-1 RA: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoproteins
*
Defined as patients without any use of glucose-lowering medications during the 12 months prior to cohort entry
†
Only available in Optum Clinformatics and Truven MarketScan