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. 2019 Jun 26;14(6):e0214779. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214779

Table 1. Distribution of antibiotic prescriptions stratified by clinical diagnosis and appropriateness of use.

Diagnosis Total Appropriate use, n (%) Inappropriate use, n (%)
Escalated use of extended spectrum Incorrect spectrum Unnecessary use
1. Diseases of the respiratory system 51,987 4,248 (8.2) 126 (0.2) 1329 (2.6) 46,284 (89.0)
    Upper respiratory tract infection
    Acute tonsillitis 4,423 2,193 (49.6) 0 (0) 859 (19.4) 1,371 (31.0)
    Acute pharyngitis 1,369 954 (69.7) 0 (0) 0 (0) 415 (30.3)
    Acute sinusitis 332 81 (24.4) 11 (3.3) 56 (16.9) 184 (55.4)
    Others 34,280 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 34,280 (100)
    Lower respiratory tract infection
    Bronchitis, not specified as acute or chronic 1,725 887 (51.4) 0 (0) 333 (19.3) 505 (29.3)
    Pneumonia, organism unspecified 367 133 (36.2) 115 (31.3) 81 (22.1) 38 (10.4)
    Others 9,491 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 9,491 (100)
2. Diseases of the digestive system 9,795 987 (10.1) 822 (8.4) 1,469 (15.0) 6,517 (66.5)
    Gingivitis and periodontal diseases 1,776 622 (35.0) 138 (7.8) 0 (0) 1,016 (52.2)
    Diseases of pulp and periapical tissues 118 84 (71.2) 0 (0) 4 (3.4) 30 (25.4)
    Gastritis and duodenitis 4,405 0 (0) 323 (7.3) 650 (14.8) 3,432 (77.9)
    Cholecystitis 511 273 (53.4) 89 (17.4) 82 (16) 67 (13.1)
    Acute appendicitis 49 8 (16.3) 20 (40.8) 0 (0) 21 (42.9)
    Other non-infective gastroenteritis and colitis 1,755 0 (0) 252 (14.4) 733 (41.8) 770 (43.9)
    Others 1,181 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1,181 (100)
3. Diseases of the genitourinary system 4,191 365 (8.7) 537 (32.5) 768 (18.3) 2,521 (60.2)
    Other female pelvic inflammatory disease 1367 0 (0) 273 (20) 294 (21.5) 800 (58.5)
    Other inflammation of vagina and vulva 455 284 (62.4) 0 (0) 0 (0) 171 (37.6)
    Cystitis 166 0 (0) 27 (16.3) 76 (45.8) 63 (38.0)
    Urethritis and urethral syndrome 383 0 (0) 99 (25.8) 163 (42.6) 121 (31.6)
    Other disorders of urinary system 533 81 (15.2) 138 (25.9) 235 (44.1) 79 (14.8)
    Others 1287 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1,287 (100)
4. Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue 2,318 669 (28.9) 77 (3.3) 22 (0.9) 1,550 (66.9)
    Other arthritis 989 669 (67.6) 77 (7.8) 22 (2.2) 221 (20.9)
    Others 1329 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1,329 (100)
5. Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes 936 86 (9.2) 11 (1.2) 7 (0.7) 832 (88.9)
    Other and unspecified injuries of abdomen, lower back and pelvis 180 86 (47.8) 11 (6.1) 7 (3.9) 76 (42.2)
    Others 756 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 756 (100)
6. Diseases of the eye and adnexa 1,786 18 (1.0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1,768 (99.0)
    Hordeolum and chalazion 141 18 (12.8) 0 (0) 0 (0) 123 (87.2)
    Others 1645 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1,645 (100)
7. Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue 965 25 (2.6) 14 (1.5) 9 (0.9) 917 (95.0)
    Cellulitis 65 25 (38.5) 14 (21.5) 9 (13.8) 17 (26.2)
    Others 900 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 900 (100)
8. Diseases of the circulatory system 952 103 (10.8) 0 (0) 0 (0) 849 (89.2)
    Rheumatic fever without mention of heart involvement 174 103 (59.2) 0 (0) 0 (0) 71 (40.8)
    Others 778 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 778 (100)
9. Certain infectious and parasitic diseases 627 66 (10.5) 30 (4.8) 80 (12.8) 451 (71.9)
    Other gastroenteritis and colitis of infectious and unspecified origin 246 66 (26.8) 30 (12.2) 80 (32.5) 70 (28.5)
    Others 381 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 381 (100)
10. Symptoms, signs and abnormal clinical and laboratory finding not elsewhere classified 1,091 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1,091 (100)
    Abdominal and pelvic pain + fever of unknown origin + cough + pain in throat and chest + headache 1,091 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 1,091 (100)
Total prescriptions 74,648 6,567 (8.8) 1,617 (2.2) 3,684 (4.9) 62,780 (84.1)