Table 3. Factors associated with inappropriate use of antibiotics on bivariate analysis.
| Characteristic | Appropriate use | Inappropriate use, n (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) |
Total N (%) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequency (%) | Combined use | Escalated use of extended spectrum | Incorrect spectrum | Unnecessary use | |||
| Total | 4,966 (8.7) | 4,463 (7.8) | 1,071 (1.9) | 2,436 (4.3) | 44,073 (77.3) | 57,009 | |
| Physician characteristics | |||||||
| Sex | |||||||
| Female | 2376 (10.6) | 1,565 (7.0) | 482 (2.1) | 1184 (5.3) | 16,821 (75.0) | Ref | 22,428 (39.3) |
| Male | 2590 (7.5) | 2,898 (8.4) | 589 (1.7) | 1252 (3.6) | 27,252 (78.8) | 1.46 (1.38, 1.55) | 34,581 (60.7) |
| Age group (years) | |||||||
| 25–31 | 1925 (8.8) | 1,779 (8.1) | 506 (2.3) | 779 (3.5) | 16,995 (77.3) | Ref | 21,984 (38.6) |
| 32–38 | 1345 (7.4) | 1,466 (8.1) | 353 (2) | 660 (3.6) | 14,266 (78.9) | 1.19 (1.11, 1.29) | 18,090 (31.7) |
| 39–75 | 1696 (10.0) | 1,218 (7.2) | 212 (1.3) | 997 (5.9) | 12,812 (75.7) | 0.86 (0.8, 0.92) | 16,935 (29.7) |
| Education | |||||||
| College | 2082 (9.9) | 1,676 (7.9) | 564 (2.7) | 716 (3.4) | 16,064 (76.1) | Ref | 21,102 (37.0) |
| Junior college | 2278 (8.5) | 1,923 (7.2) | 356 (1.3) | 1405 (5.2) | 20,812 (77.7) | 1.18 1.11, 1.25) | 26,774 (47.0) |
| Technical secondary school | 606 (6.6) | 864 (9.5) | 151 (1.7) | 315 (3.4) | 7,197 (78.8) | 1.54 (1.40, 1.69) | 9,133 (16.0) |
| Work duration (years) | |||||||
| ≤5 | 1485 (9.5) | 1,373 (8.8) | 242 (1.5) | 488 (3.1) | 12,098 (77.1) | Ref | 15,686 (27.5) |
| 6–10 | 1624 (9.6) | 812 (4.8) | 533 (3.2) | 660 (3.9) | 13,285 (78.5) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.06) | 16,914 (30.0) |
| 11–20 | 924 (6.3) | 1,435 (9.7) | 194 (1.3) | 606 (4.1) | 11615 (78.6) | 1.57 (1.44, 1.71) | 14,774 (25.9) |
| 21–30 | 411 (6.7) | 547 (9.0) | 73 (1.2) | 518 (8.5) | 4548 (74.6) | 1.45 (1.29, 1.62) | 6,097 (10.7) |
| ≥31 | 522 (14.8) | 296 (8.4) | 29 (0.8) | 164 (4.6) | 2,527 (71.4) | 0.60 (0.54, 0.67) | 3,538 (6.2) |
| Professional title | |||||||
| Resident physician | 4,001 (8.7) | 3,523 (7.7) | 845 (1.8) | 1757 (3.8) | 35,623 (77.9) | Ref | 45,749 (80.2) |
| Attending physician | 830 (9.4) | 881 (9.9) | 218 (2.5) | 584 (6.6) | 6,349 (71.6) | 0.93 (0.86, 1.00) | 8,862 (15.5) |
| Associate chief physician | 135 (5.6) | 59 (2.5) | 8 (0.3) | 95 (4) | 2,101 (87.6) | 1.61 (1.35, 1.93) | 2,398 (4.3) |
| Patient characteristics | |||||||
| Sex | |||||||
| Female | 2,604 (8.5) | 2,454 (8.0) | 703 (2.3) | 1395 (4.5) | 23,579 (76.7) | Ref | 30,735 (53.9) |
| Male | 2,362 (9.0) | 2,009 (7.6) | 368 (1.4) | 1041 (4) | 20,494 (78.0) | 0.94 (0.88, 0.99) | 26,274 (46.1) |
| Age group (years) | |||||||
| ≤5 | 947 (10.6) | 675 (7.5) | 41 (0.5) | 416 (4.6) | 6,881 (76.8) | Ref | 8,960 (15.7) |
| 5–17 | 1,234 (12.8) | 765 (7.9) | 88 (0.9) | 274 (2.8) | 7,271 (75.5) | 0.80 0.73, 0.88) | 9,632 (16.8) |
| 18–49 | 1,472 (7.7) | 1,222 (6.4) | 501 (2.6) | 916 (4.8) | 14,962 (78.4) | 1.41 (1.30, 1.54) | 19,073 (33.5) |
| 50–64 | 706 (6.5) | 966 (8.9) | 263 (2.4) | 473 (4.4) | 8,404 (77.7) | 1.69 (1.53, 1.88) | 10,812 (19.0) |
| ≥65 | 607 (7.1) | 835 (9.8) | 178 (2.1) | 357 (4.2) | 6,555 (76.8) | 1.54 (1.39 1.72) | 8,532 (15.0) |
| Antibiotic route | |||||||
| Injection | 911 (5.6) | 1,796 (11.0) | 749 (4.6) | 393 (2.4) | 12,492 (76.4) | Ref | 16,341 (28.7) |
| Oral | 4,055 (10.0) | 2,667 (6.6) | 322 (0.8) | 2043 (5) | 31,581 (77.7) | 0.53 (0.49, 0.57) | 40,668 (71.3) |
| Payment source | |||||||
| Out-of-pocket | 614 (10.2) | 487 (8.1) | 132 (2.2) | 404 (6.7) | 4,410 (72.9) | Ref | 6,047 (10.6) |
| New rural cooperative- medical care system | 4,352 (8.5) | 3,976 (7.8) | 939 (1.8) | 2032 (4) | 39,663 (77.8) | 1.21 (1.11, 1.32) | 50,962 (89.4) |
OR: Odds ratio, CI: Confidence interval, Ref: Reference group