Table 3.

Odds ratios from models predicting attainment and attendance during year of survey using alternative climate specifications or outcomes

	1^st–4^th grade vs. no schooling	5th–12th grade vs. no schooling

	Model 5
Spring temperatures	0.54^*	0.97
Spring precipitation	1.00	1.73^*
Summer temperatures	0.43^***	0.37^**
Summer precipitation	1.57^**	1.24
Winter temperatures	1.58⁺	2.31^*
Winter precipitation	0.96	0.75
Joint test	63.96^***

	Completed at least one grade	Attends school
	Model 6	Model 7
Spring temperatures - school ages	1.11	0.66
Spring precipitation - school ages	1.11	1.16
Summer temperatures - school ages	0.93	1.36
Summer precipitation - school ages	1.92^***	2.07^**
Winter temperatures - school ages	1.29	1.03
Winter precipitation - school ages	0.65	0.95
Spring temperatures - early childhood	0.59	0.66
Spring precipitation - early childhood	1.05	0.69
Summer temperatures - early childhood	0.36^**	0.67
Summer precipitation - early childhood	1.90^***	2.77^***
Winter temperatures - early childhood	2.23^*	1.29
Winter precipitation - early childhood	0.82	1.13
Spring temperatures - prenatal	1.00	0.97
Spring precipitation - prenatal	1.01	0.97
Summer temperatures - prenatal	0.95	1.07
Summer precipitation - prenatal	1.12	1.11
Winter temperatures - prenatal	1.06	1.08
Winter precipitation - prenatal	0.93	0.85^*
Joint test	256.76^***	433.48^***
	Model 8	Model 9
Number of hot springs	0.85	1.01
Number of cold springs	1.09⁺	1.18^*
Number of wet springs	1.09	1.07
Number of dry springs	1.23	1.35^**
Number of hot summers	0.93	1.00
Number of cold summers	1.11	0.92
Number of wet summers	1.05	1.21
Number of dry summers	0.84^*	0.90
Number of hot winters	1.32^*	1.08
Number of cold winters	0.97	1.05
Number of wet winters	1.07	1.04
Number of dry winters	1.11	1.05
Joint test	271.76^***	186.32^***

Models also include control variables, not shown

The joint test is a Wald test of the schooling coefficients, for the climate variables

⁺

p < 0.1;

p < 0.05;

^**

p < 0.01;

^***

p < 0.001