Fig. 2. Cross-modal recognition between echolocation and vision.

Bats’ performance under complete darkness (black), dim light (white), and a control, which did not allow vision or echolocation (gray). In all three conditions, the bats received no reward (for either right or wrong decisions), thus preventing any learning. The letters on the x axis depict individual bats’ identifications (IDs). Performance was tested relative to chance level (dashed line). (A) Left: Results of the first round of cross-modal recognition experiment (dark, approximately 45 trials per bat; light and control, 20 trials per bat). Right: Top view of the experimental setup and front view of the targets (the direction from which the bats approached). (B) Left: The results of the second round (30 trials per bat per condition). Right: Top view of the experimental setup and front view of the targets (the direction from which the bats approached). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.