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. 2019 Jun 26;10:2790. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-10418-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Fabrication and performance of the multisite optogenetic stimulation device (MOSD). a Flow chart for MOSD fabrication. (1) Production of a polyurethane fiber; (2) attachment of mini-LEDs to the fiber; (3) shaping of the fiber into a spiral shape; (4) final device. b Schematic diagram of device encapsulation. c, d Images of the MOSD wrapped around nerves with different diameters. c Mouse C7 nerve. d Mouse sciatic nerve. e An image of the MOSD at its original length fixed onto the mouse sciatic nerve. f An image of the elongated MOSD in e. g Mechanical properties of the polyurethane fiber under light or heat. LED was turned on at 2.5 V, 20.7 µA (0.0012 mW). The device was kept at 50 °C in the heated condition (green line). The original length of the MOSD is 39 mm. h The MOSD with mini-LEDs turned on in saline. i The MOSD with mini-LEDs turned on after 4 months continuously submerged in saline. j I–V curve as well as temperature changes at different input voltages for the mini-LED. Voltage applied to the mini-LED varied from 2.3 to 3.5 V (0.00003 mW–33.1 mW). The stimulation patterns for applied voltages are 20 msec-on/2 sec-off and 1 sec-on/4 sec-off. Scale bars are 400 µm (c), 2 mm (d), and 1 mm (e, f)