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. 2019 Jun 26;10:2788. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-10614-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 10 — Potential immunomodulatory and anti-fibrotic actions of LIF expressed by the CD11b/LIF transgene in muscular dystrophy. (1) LIF can serve an immunomodulatory role by reducing the expression of Ccl2 in macrophages, which is associated with reduced recruitment of monocytes/macrophages into dystrophic muscle. (2) LIF can serve an immunomodulatory role by reducing the activation of monocytes/macrophages to a CD163+, M2-biased phenotype that can increase fibrosis of dystrophic muscle. (3) LIF can reduce the expression of the pro-fibrotic molecules Arg1 and Tgfb1 in macrophages. (4) LIF can reduce the TGFβ1-mediated induction of pro-fibrotic genes in muscle cells, including Ctgf and Col1a1