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. 2019 Jun 26;10:2788. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-10614-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — CD11b/LIF transgene expression modulates inflammation and reduces fibrosis. a QPCR data showing Lif expression in muscles of CD11b/LIF transgenic mdx mice (LIF/mdx) and non-transgenic littermates (WT/mdx), normalized to WT/mdx. TA muscles: n = 10. Diaphragm muscles: n = 8 or 7 for WT/mdx and LIF/mdx data sets, respectively. * Indicates significant difference versus WT/mdx (P < 0.05). For all histograms, bars indicate mean ± sem. b, c Cross-sections of WT/mdx (b) and LIF/mdx (c) TA muscles labeled with anti-LIF. Bars = 50 μm. d Mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of inflammatory lesions in sections immunolabeled for LIF. * Indicates significant difference from WT/mdx (n = 4; P < 0.05). e–j Cross-sections of muscles from WT/mdx and LIF/mdx mice were immunolabeled with antibodies to F4/80 (e) and CD163 (h). Numbers of F4/80+ (f, g) and CD163+ (i, j) cells were normalized to muscle volume. Labeling of F4/80+ (e) and CD163+ (h) cells in TA muscle from 1-month-old WT/mdx muscle. Bars = 100 μm. N = 5 for each group, except n = 4 for F4/80 WT/mdx 1- and 12-month TA, LIF/mdx 12-month TA, WT/mdx 1- and 3-month diaphragm, and CD163 WT/mdx 12-month TA data sets. k–p Cross-sections of TA (k, i) and diaphragm (n, o) muscles from 12-month-old WT/mdx (k, n) and LIF/mdx (l, o) mice were immunolabeled with anti-collagen type 1. Bars = 50 μm. The volume fraction of muscle occupied by collagen type 1 (m, p). N = 5 for each group, except n = 4 for 3-month TA. * Indicates significant difference versus age-matched WT/mdx mice (P < 0.05). # and Φ indicate significant difference versus 1- and 3-months-old, genotype-matched mice, respectively (P < 0.05). P-values based on two-tailed t-test. q–s The passive mechanical properties of TA muscles of WT/mdx (curves 1 and 2) and LIF/mdx (curves 3–5) mice were measured in-situ. Lissajous curves (q) show passive stiffness (r) and energy dissipation (s) of TAs. N = 2 and 3 for WT/mdx and LIF/mdx groups, respectively. * Indicates significant difference versus WT/mdx mice. P-values based on two-tailed t-test. Source data are provided as a Source Data file