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. 2019 Jun 26;2:242. doi: 10.1038/s42003-019-0470-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — New non-associative learning is sufficient for retroactive interference. a Tactile stimulation of the head induces short-term sensitization. 10 min after tactile stimulation, a brief light-off stimulus was presented to the animal (inserted image) and their withdrawal response measured. Animals showed a significant increase in the withdrawal response to the light off stimulus, which lasted for 10 s after the stimulus (left image, before stimulus; right image, after stimulus) (n = 15). Naïve animals showed no significant withdrawal response to the same stimulus (n = 15). Data shows mean ± standard error of the mean. b Time line of application of sensitizing stimulation after appetitive conditioning. c Sensitization during the lapse, but not during the non-lapse, significantly disrupts the animal’s memory for the conditioned stimulus (CS), gamma-nonalactone (GNL), when tested at 24 h (first training alone: n = 29, 2 h: n = 19, 1 h: n = 22, naïve: n = 29). Violin plots show density of data extending from minimum to maximum values. Internal boxplots show median and interquartile range (first and third quartile). Whiskers represent minimum to maximum values. Circles show the mean