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. 2019 Jun 17;11(3):493–499. doi: 10.1111/os.12473

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© 2019 The Authors. Orthopaedic Surgery published by Chinese Orthopaedic Association and John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.

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(A) Angle θ stands for the angle between the trajectory calibrated by the surgeon in virtual reality (VR) and its posterior projection on coronal plane. The lateral axis is the line that is perpendicular to the cephalocaudal axis on the coronal plane. Angle ξ represents the angle between the posterior projection of the trajectory and the lateral axis on the coronal plane. (B) The isocentric navigation device. The part circled by a red line represents the arch‐guided unit of the isocentric navigation.