Table 1. Mutations associated with intramedullary spinal cord tumors (IMSCTs).

Tumor	Gene	Locus	Grade	Molecular finding
Ependymoma	HOXB5	17q21.3	I–II	Increased expression in spinal versus intracranial ependymoma
	PLA2G5	1p35	I–II
	ITIH2	10p15	I–II
	CDKN2A	–	I–II
	NF2	22q12	II–III	Characteristic of spinal ependymoma; absent intracranial ependymoma
	–	6q	I	Associated with spinal subependymoma
Astrocytoma	BRAF	7q34	I–II	BRAF-KIAA1549 fusion and other somatic mutations identified in low-grade spinal astrocytoma
	CDKN2A	9q21	I	Deletions in 2/10 spinal pilocytic astrocytoma
	H3F3A	17q25	III–IV	Mutation that discriminates grade III–IV spinal astrocytoma from grade I–II tumors
Hemangioblastomas	VHL	3p25.3	–	Recent WES studies find VHL mutations in sporadic, as well as familial, spinal hemangioblastomas

WES, whole exome sequencing; VHL, von Hippel-Landau.