Table 1. Overview of spine oncology robots.

Robotic system	Year of inception (# of generations)	Degrees of freedom	Haptic capability	Navigated instrumentation capability	Registration method	Mounting and setup	Movement arms	Purchase price†	Leasing option
Mazor X‡	2004 (3)	6	N	N	Preoperative CT and intraoperative fluoroscopy integration	Bone- and bed-mounted	Single surgical arm with separate navigation	$850–950 k	Y
Excelsius GPS	2017 (1)	5	N	Y	Preoperative CT and intraoperative fluoroscopy integration	Floor mounted robot with mobile base and separate navigation arm	Single surgical arm with separate navigation	$1.1–1.2 m	Y
ROSA Spine§	2016 (1)	6	N	Y	Multiplanar intraoperative fluoroscopy	Floor mounted robot with mobile base and separate navigation arm	Single surgical arm with separate navigation	N/A	N/A
Da Vinci	2000 (4)	6	N	N	N/A	Floor mounted	Multiple modular arms	$1.5 m	Y

^†, unadvertised price estimate, which does not include disposable fees; ^‡, current market version. New edition has begun to be marketed; ^§, as of submission date, this system is not commercially available in the United States. N/A, not available.