Table 2.

Associations between childhood misfortune and late-life depressive symptoms among women.

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4
	b (95%CI)		b (95%CI)		b (95%CI)		b (95%CI)
Women
Age	0.32 (0.25–0.40)	<0.001	0.32 (0.25–0.40)	<0.001	0.32 (0.25–0.40)	<0.001	0.33 (0.25–0.40)	<0.001
Age2	0.16 (0.13–0.20)	<0.001	0.16 (0.13–0.20)	<0.001	0.16 (0.13–0.20)	<0.001	0.16 (0.13–0.20)	<0.001
ACE score at age 18 (ref. no ACE)
1 ACE	0.31 (0.19–0.42)	<0.001	0.25 (0.14–0.36)	<0.001	0.24 (0.13–0.35)	<0.001	0.21 (0.10–0.31)	<0.001
2 or more ACE	0.62 (0.41–0.83)	<0.001	0.56 (0.35–0.76)	<0.001	0.53 (0.33–0.74)	<0.001	0.40 (0.20–0.59)	<0.001
Childhood health problems (ref. no problems)
1 or more	0.37 (0.27–0.48)	<0.001	0.35 (0.25–0.45)	<0.001	0.35 (0.24–0.45)	<0.001	0.27 (0.18–0.37)	<0.001
CSC (ref. Most disadvantaged)
Disadvantaged	-0.25 (-0.40–0.09)	0.002	-0.09 (-0.24–0.07)	0.261	-0.09 (-0.24–0.06)	0.254	-0.07 (-0.21–0.08)	0.352
Middle	-0.56 (-0.72–0.40)	<0.001	-0.25 (-0.41–0.09)	0.002	-0.25 (-0.41–0.09)	0.002	-0.18 (-0.33–0.03)	0.019
Advantaged	-0.60 (-0.77–0.43)	<0.001	-0.24 (-0.41–0.06)	0.009	-0.23 (-0.41–0.05)	0.011	-0.17 (-0.34–0.01)	0.042
Most advantaged	-0.67 (-0.90–0.44)	<0.001	-0.22 (-0.46–0.01)	0.064	-0.23 (-0.47–0.00)	0.053	-0.15 (-0.37–0.08)	0.199
Education (ref. Primary)
Secondary	–		-0.30 (-0.43–0.18)	<0.001	-0.31 (-0.43–0.18)	<0.001	-0.25 (-0.36–0.13)	<0.001
Tertiary	–		-0.35 (-0.53–0.17)	<0.001	-0.35 (-0.52–0.17)	<0.001	-0.23 (-0.40–0.07)	0.006
Main occupational position (ref. High-skilled)
Low-skilled	–		0.06 (-0.08–0.20)	0.379	0.06 (-0.08–0.20)	0.386	0.04 (-0.08–0.17)	0.504
Never worked	–		-0.10 (-0.30–0.11)	0.35	-0.08 (-0.28–0.12)	0.423	-0.16 (-0.34–0.03)	0.108
Ability to make ends meet (ref. Easily)
Fairly easily	–		0.23 (0.12–0.35)	<0.001	0.22 (0.11–0.34)	<0.001	0.18 (0.07–0.28)	0.001
With some difficulty	–		0.71 (0.57–0.84)	<0.001	0.69 (0.55–0.82)	<0.001	0.54 (0.41–0.67)	<0.001
With great difficulty	–		1.60 (1.41–1.79)	<0.001	1.57 (1.39–1.76)	<0.001	1.20 (1.03–1.38)	<0.001
Potential relational reserves
Living with a partner (ref. Not living with a partner)	–		–		0.03 (-0.07–0.13)	0.503	0.09 (-0.01–0.18)	0.066
Number of children alive (ref. No children)	–		–		0.08 (-0.08–0.24)	0.316	0.08 (-0.07–0.23)	0.279
Number of siblings alive (ref. No children)	–		–		0.02 (-0.07–0.12)	0.633	-0.00 (-0.09–0.09)	0.977
Perceived relational reserves
Yes, help available in case of need (ref. No help available)	–		–		-0.44 (-0.59–0.29)	<0.001	-0.41 (-0.55–0.28)	<0.001
1 or more ADL limitations (ref. No ADL limitations)	–		–		–		0.45 (0.25–0.64)	<0.001
1 or more IADL limitations (ref. No IADL limitations)	–		–		–		0.85 (0.70–0.99)	<0.001
Low physical activity (ref. High physical activity)	–		–		–		0.43 (0.32–0.53)	<0.001
Less than 2 chronic diseases (ref. 2 or more chronic diseases)	–		–		–		-0.60 (-0.69–0.50)	<0.001
Bootstrap of the mediation by adult socioeconomic reserves (difference between total and direct effect)
ACE score at age 18 (ref. no ACE)
1 ACE			95% CI (0.055; 0.067)
2 or more ACE			95% CI (0.059; 0.077)
Childhood health problems (ref. no problems)
1 or more			95% CI (0.020; 0.030)
CSC (ref. Most disadvantaged)
Disadvantaged			95% CI (0.141; 0.176)
Middle			95% CI (0.272; 0.342)
Advantaged			95% CI (0.320; 0.409)
Most advantaged			95% CI (0.382; 0.505)

Abbreviations: CSC, childhood socioeconomic circumstances, ACE, adverse childhood events; ADL, activities of daily living; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; CI, confidence interval.

All models are adjusted for confounders: birth cohort, country of residence, attrition.