Table 3.
Associations between childhood misfortune and late-life depressive symptoms among men.
| Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
Model 4 |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| b (95%CI) | b (95%CI) | b (95%CI) | b (95%CI) | |||||
| Men | ||||||||
| Age | 0.50 (0.43–0.57) | <0.001 | 0.50 (0.43–0.57) | <0.001 | 0.50 (0.42–0.57) | <0.001 | 0.48 (0.41–0.55) | <0.001 |
| Age2 | 0.19 (0.15–0.22) | <0.001 | 0.19 (0.15–0.22) | <0.001 | 0.19 (0.15–0.22) | <0.001 | 0.18 (0.15–0.22) | <0.001 |
| ACE score at age 18 (ref. no ACE) | ||||||||
| 1 ACE | 0.24 (0.12–0.35) | <0.001 | 0.19 (0.07–0.30) | 0.001 | 0.18 (0.07–0.29) | 0.002 | 0.14 (0.04–0.25) | 0.008 |
| 2 or more ACE | 0.40 (0.20–0.59) | <0.001 | 0.36 (0.17–0.55) | <0.001 | 0.36 (0.17–0.55) | <0.001 | 0.30 (0.12–0.48) | 0.001 |
| Childhood health problems (ref. no problems) | ||||||||
| 1 or more | 0.16 (0.05–0.26) | 0.003 | 0.15 (0.05–0.24) | 0.004 | 0.14 (0.04–0.24) | 0.006 | 0.10 (0.00–0.19) | 0.041 |
| CSC (ref. Most disadvantaged) | ||||||||
| Disadvantaged | 0.02 (-0.14–0.18) | 0.805 | 0.10 (-0.05–0.26) | 0.199 | 0.09 (-0.06–0.25) | 0.253 | 0.10 (-0.05–0.24) | 0.199 |
| Middle | -0.17 (-0.33–0.01) | 0.032 | -0.00 (-0.16–0.15) | 0.954 | -0.01 (-0.17–0.15) | 0.907 | 0.02 (-0.13–0.17) | 0.805 |
| Advantaged | -0.24 (-0.41–0.07) | 0.005 | -0.04 (-0.21–0.14) | 0.685 | -0.04 (-0.22–0.13) | 0.64 | -0.03 (-0.20–0.13) | 0.717 |
| Most advantaged | -0.28 (-0.50–0.05) | 0.015 | -0.04 (-0.27–0.19) | 0.764 | -0.04 (-0.27–0.19) | 0.742 | -0.01 (-0.23–0.21) | 0.913 |
| Education (ref. Primary) | ||||||||
| Secondary | – | -0.19 (-0.32–0.06) | 0.005 | -0.18 (-0.31–0.05) | 0.006 | -0.17 (-0.29–0.05) | 0.007 | |
| Tertiary | – | -0.24 (-0.40–0.08) | 0.004 | -0.23 (-0.39–0.07) | 0.006 | -0.18 (-0.33–0.03) | 0.021 | |
| Main occupational position (ref. High-skilled) | ||||||||
| Low-skilled | – | 0.04 (-0.06–0.15) | 0.445 | 0.04 (-0.07–0.14) | 0.498 | 0.01 (-0.09–0.11) | 0.79 | |
| Never worked | – | 0.94 (0.32–1.55) | 0.003 | 0.89 (0.28–1.51) | 0.004 | 0.46 (-0.12–1.05) | 0.121 | |
| Ability to make ends meet (ref. Easily) | ||||||||
| Fairly easily | – | 0.26 (0.15–0.37) | <0.001 | 0.24 (0.13–0.34) | <0.001 | 0.19 (0.08–0.29) | <0.001 | |
| With some difficulty | – | 0.60 (0.45–0.74) | <0.001 | 0.56 (0.42–0.71) | <0.001 | 0.41 (0.27–0.54) | <0.001 | |
| With great difficulty | – | 1.24 (1.02–1.46) | <0.001 | 1.18 (0.96–1.40) | <0.001 | 0.94 (0.73–1.15) | <0.001 | |
| Potential relational reserves | ||||||||
| Living with a partner (ref. Not living with a partner) | – | – | -0.18 (-0.30–0.07) | 0.002 | -0.14 (-0.25–0.04) | 0.009 | ||
| Number of children alive (ref. No children) | – | – | -0.01 (-0.16–0.14) | 0.923 | 0.00 (-0.14–0.15) | 0.949 | ||
| Number of siblings alive (ref. No children) | – | – | 0.02 (-0.08–0.11) | 0.715 | 0.00 (-0.09–0.09) | 0.938 | ||
| Perceived relational reserves | ||||||||
| Yes, help available in case of need (ref. No help available) | – | – | -0.34 (-0.48–0.20) | <0.001 | -0.28 (-0.41–0.14) | <0.001 | ||
| 1 or more ADL limitations (ref. No ADL limitations) | – | – | – | 0.55 (0.32–0.78) | <0.001 | |||
| 1 or more IADL limitations (ref. No IADL limitations) | – | – | – | 0.74 (0.53–0.95) | <0.001 | |||
| Low physical activity (ref. High physical activity) | – | – | – | 0.38 (0.27–0.50) | <0.001 | |||
| Less than 2 chronic diseases (ref. 2 or more chronic diseases) | – | – | – | -0.51 (-0.60–0.42) | <0.001 | |||
| Bootstrap of the mediation by adult socioeconomic reserves | ||||||||
| ACE score at age 18 (ref. no ACE) | ||||||||
| 1 ACE | 95% CI (0.045; 0.060) | |||||||
| 2 or more ACE | 95% CI (0.026; 0.042) | |||||||
| Childhood health problems (ref. no problems) | ||||||||
| 1 or more | 95% CI (0.004; 0.015) | |||||||
| CSC (ref. Most disadvantaged) | ||||||||
| Disadvantaged | – | |||||||
| Middle | 95% CI (0.135; 0.200) | |||||||
| Advantaged | 95% CI (0.165; 0.247) | |||||||
| Most advantaged | 95% CI (0.187; 0.297) | |||||||
Abbreviations: CSC, childhood socioeconomic circumstances, ACE, adverse childhood events; ADL, activities of daily living; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; CI, confidence interval.
All models are adjusted for confounders: birth cohort, country of residence, attrition.