Pre-2000 |
No specific recommendations regarding carbapenem resistance testing |
2000s |
Recognition of the threat of KPC-expressing K. pneumoniae
|
Recognition that carbapenem breakpoints were unlikely to predict clinical outcomes for isolates with elevated carbapenem MICs |
2009 |
Introduction of modified Hodge test (MHT) for isolates of Enterobacteriaceae with elevated carbapenem MICs |
If MHT is positive, laboratories instructed to edit all carbapenem results to “R” |
2010 |
Enterobacteriaceae carbapenem breakpoints revised |
Change of recommendation for MHT to “optional” for infection control/epidemiology |
2012 |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa carbapenem breakpoints revised |
Carba NP test introduced for Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter spp. |
2014 |
Acinetobacter spp. carbapenem breakpoints revised |
2017 |
mCIM for Enterobacteriaceae introduced |
2018 |
MHT eliminated |
eCIM introduced for Enterobacteriaceae
|
Carba NP for Acinetobacter spp. removed |
mCIM for P. aeruginosa introduced |