Table 2. . The altered lncRNAs in autoimmune disease.
| lncRNA | Tissue/cell | Level | Function | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SLE | ||||
| MALAT1 | PBMCs; monocytes | Upregulated | Negatively related to the level of SIRT1; positive correlated to the level of IL-21 | [89,90] |
| Linc0949 | PBMCs | Downregulated | Organ involvement; negative correlation with SLEDAI score; the level of complement protein C3 | [96] |
| NEAT1 | PBMCs; monocytes | Upregulated | Increases secretion of cytokines such as IL-6 | [91–95] |
| GAS5 | B cells CD4+ T cells |
Downregulated | Cell-type-specific expression; correlated with metabolism in immune tissue | [97] |
| lncRNA CYP2C9 | Nucleus | Upregulated | Association with SLE pathogenesis fragments | [98] |
| TSIX | Serum | Upregulated | Correlated with X chromosome dosage in SLE morbidity | [99] |
| RA | ||||
| H19 | Inflamed synovial tissue; synovial fibroblasts | Upregulated | Has strong correlation with the expression of imprinted gene network; contributes to inflammatory status | [103,104] |
| HOTAIR | PBMCs; bone mononuclear cells; serum exosomes | Upregulated | Recruites polycomb repressive complex 2 to target transcripts; contributes to joint destruction | [100–102] |
| lncRNA TRP53COR1 | PBMCs | Downregulated | Specifically regulated by cytokines | [105] |
| SSC | ||||
| TSIX | Serum; skin | Upregulated | Stabilizes type I collagen mRNA | [107–109] |
| lncRNA MIR503HG | Skin | Upregulated | Promote the development of myofibroblast | [110] |
| pSS | ||||
| ENST00000455309.1, ENST00000420219.1, NR_002712, Lnc-UTS2D1:1, ENST00000546086.1, n340599, TCONS_l2_00014794 and n336161 | Labial salivary glands | Upregulated | Have correlations with IgA, IgM, ESR, visual analog scale of dry eyes and parotid swelling; involve in chemokine signaling pathways | [111] |
| IFNGAS1 | CD4+ T cells | Upregulated | Correlated with anti-SSA antibody, IgG level and ESR | [112] |
| IIM | ||||
| Linc-DGCR6-1 | Muscle fibres | Upregulated | Regulate USP18 | [106] |
ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; IIM: Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy; PBMC: Peripheral blood mononuclear cell; pSS: Sjögren’s syndrome; RA: Rheumatoid arthritis; SLE: Systemic lupus erythematosus; SLEDAI: Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index; SSA: Sjögren's syndrome-related antigen A.