Table 5.

The difference in the normalized spectral abundance of N1-Methyl-2-pyridone-5- carboxamide in saliva samples from obese and not obese children from the USA compared to Kuwait.

				Obese		Not obese
Study	Country	Average age (y)	N	Mean	N	Mean	Ntotal	p	Date of analysis
1	USA	10.7	22	1.187	46	1.037	68	0.46	2/23/2011
2	USA	12.2	15	1.181	26	0.960	41	0.16	8/16/2012
3	Kuwait	10.1	50	1.008	100	0.675	150	0.0006	3/26/2013
4	Kuwait V2	11.9	51	1.367	43	0.948	94	0.0003	11/3/2015

Saliva samples from Kuwait exhibited a highly significant difference between obese and those not obese whereas this difference in samples from the USA was not significant by t-test. Study 4 is the study analyzed in this manuscript and described in Tables 1–4.