Table 2.
Prevalence and diagnostic criteria of sarcopenia of the included studies
| Author | Year | N | Sarcopenia | Diagnostic criteria | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Definition | Prevalence, n (%) | Muscle mass | Muscle strength | Physical performance | ||||||
| Measure | Cut‐off | Measure | Cut‐off | Measure | Cut‐off | |||||
| Bae | 2017 | 3827 | Cho et al. | 1619 (42.3) | DXA | ASM (as % body weight): M: <30.3%; F: <23.8% | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Benjumea | 2018 | 534 | EWGSOP | 380 (71.2) | Lee equation | ASM/ht2: M: ≤6.37 kg/m2; F: ≤8.90 kg/m2 | HGS | M: <30 kg; F: <20 kg | 4‐m GS | ≤0.8 m/s |
| Bischoff‐Ferrari | 2015 | 443 | Baumgartner | 49 (11.0) | DXA | ALM/ht2: M: ≤7.26 kg/m2; F: ≤5.45 kg/m2 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 443 | Delmonico 1 | 75 (16.9) | DXA | ALM/ht2: M: ≤7.25 kg/m2; F: ≤5.67 kg/m2 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| 443 | Delmonico 2 | 95 (21.4) | DXA | Observed ALM—predicted ALM: <20th percentile of the sex‐specific distribution | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| 445 | EWGSOP | 31 (7.0) | DXA | ALM/ht2: M: ≤7.26 kg/m2; F: ≤5.54 kg/m2 | HGS | M: <30 kg; F: <20 kg | 15‐ft GS | <0.8 m/s | ||
| 440 | IWGS | 22 (4.9) | DXA | ALM/ht2: M: ≤7.23 kg/m2; F: ≤5.67 kg/m2 | NA | NA | 15‐ft GS | <1.0 m/s | ||
| 445 | SCWD | 12 (2.7) | DXA | ALM/ht2: M: ≤6.81 kg/m2; F: ≤5.18 kg/m2 | NA | NA | 15‐ft GS | <1.0 m/s | ||
| 445 | Muscaritoli | 104 (23.6) | DXA | SM/body mass: M: ≤37%; F: ≤28% | NA | NA | 15‐ft GS | <0.8 m/s | ||
| 443 | FNIH 1 | 52 (11.7) | DXA | ALMBMI: M: <0.789; F: <0.512 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| 445 | FNIH 2 | 14 (3.1) | DXA | ALMBMI: M: <0.789; F: <0.512 | HGS | M: <26 kg; F: <16 kg | NA | NA | ||
| Buckinx | 2018 | 247 | EWGSOP | 166 (67.2) | BIA | Not specified | HGS | Not specified | SPPB | ≤8 points |
| Cawthon | 2015 | 5934 | Baumgartner | 1301 (21.9) | DXA | ALM/ht2: M: ≤7.23 kg/m2 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 5934 | EWGSOP | 257 (4.3) | DXA | ALM/ht2: M: ≤7.23 kg/m2 | HGS | M: <30 kg | 6‐m GS | ≤0.8 m/s | ||
| 5934 | IWGS | 277 (4.7) | DXA | ALM/ht2: M: ≤7.23 kg/m2 | NA | NA | 6‐m GS | <1.0 m/s | ||
| 5934 | FNIH 1 | 88 (1.5) | DXA | ALMBMI: M: <0.789 | NA | NA | 6‐m GS | ≤0.8 m/s | ||
| 5934 | FNIH 2 | 18 (0.3) | DXA | ALMBMI: M: <0.789 | HGS | M: <26 kg | 6‐m GS | ≤0.8 m/s | ||
| 5934 | Newman | 1186 (20.0) | DXA | Residual of actual ALM minus predicted ALM: ≤−0.204 kg/m2 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| Chalhoub | 2015 | 6658 | EWGSOP | 371 (5.6) | DXA | ALM adjusted for height and fat mass: 20th percentile of the distribution of residuals | HGS | M: <30 kg; F: <20 kg | 6‐m GS | <0.8 m/s |
| Clynes | 2015 | 298 | IWGS | 25 (8.4) | DXA | ALM/ht2: M: ≤7.23 kg/m2; F: ≤5.67 kg/m2 | NA | NA | 3‐m GS | <1.0 m/s |
| 298 | EWGSOP | 10 (3.4) | DXA | SMI: M: ≤7.26 kg/m2; F: ≤5.5 kg/m2 | HGS | M: <30 kg; F: <20 kg | 3‐m GS | ≤0.8 m/s | ||
| 298 | FNIH | 6 (2.0) | DXA | ALMBMI: M: <0.789; F: <0.512 | HGS | M: <26 kg; F: <16 kg | NA | NA | ||
| Dietzel | 2015 | 288 | Baumgartner | 34 (11.8) | DXA | ASM/ht2: M: <7.26 kg/m2; F: <5.5 kg/m2 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Gadelha | 2018 | 196 | EWGSOP | 36 (18.4) | DXA | SMM (as % body mass): not specified | Isokinetic muscle torque | Not specified | TUG | Not specified |
| Hars | 2016 | 913 | Baumgartner | 102 (11.2) | DXA | ALM/ht2: M: <7.26 kg/m2; F: <5.45 kg/m2 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 913 | Delmonico 1 | 157 (17.2) | DXA | ALM/ht2: M: <7.25 kg/m2; F: <5.67 kg/m2 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| 913 | Delmonico 2 | 184 (20.2) | DXA | Observed ALM minus predicted ALM: <20th percentile of the sex‐specific distribution | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| 913 | IWGS | 156 (17.1) | DXA | ALM/ht2: M: ≤7.23 kg/m2; F: ≤5.67 kg/m2 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| 913 | SCWD | 42 (4.6) | DXA | ALM/ht2: M: ≤6.81 kg/m2; F: ≤5.18 kg/m2 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| 913 | FNIH | 32 (3.5) | DXA | ALMBMI: M: <0.789; F: <0.512 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| Henwood | 2017 | 58 | EWGSOP | 23 (40.2) | BIA | SMM/ht2: M: <8.87 kg/m2; F: <6.42 kg/m2 | HGS | M: <30 kg; F: <20 kg | 2.4‐m GS | <0.8 m/s |
| Hida | 2013 | 2868 | Sanada | 1019 (35.5) | DXA | ALM/ht2: M: <6.87 kg/m2; F: <5.46 kg/m2 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Hida | 2016 | 1824 | Sanada | 493 (27.0) | DXA | ALM/ht2: F: <5.46 kg/m2 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Hong | 2015 | 3077 | Cheng | 966 (31.4) | DXA | SMI: M: <7.01 kg/m2; F: <5.42 kg/m2 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Huo | 2015 | 680 | EWGSOP | 345 (50.7) | DXA | ALM/ht2: M: <7.26 kg/m2; F: <5.5 kg/m2 | HGS | M: <30 kg; F: <20 kg | GS | <0.8 m/s |
| Huo | 2016 | 680 | EWGSOP | 380 (55.9) | DXA | ALM/ht2: M: <7.26 kg/m2; F: <5.5 kg/m2 | HGS | M: <30 kg; F: <20 kg | GS | <0.8 m/s |
| Iolascon | 2015 | 121 | FNIH 1 | 10 (8.3) | DXA | ALMBMI: F: <0.512 | HGS | F: ≥16 | 4‐m GS | ≤0.8 m/s |
| FNIH 2 | 13 (10.7) | DXA | ALMBMI: F: <0.512 | HGS | F: <16 | 4‐m GS | ≤0.8 m/s | |||
| Landi | 2012 | 260 | EWGSOP | 66 (25.4) | MAMC | M: <21.1 cm; F: <19.2 cm | HGS | M: <30 kg; F: <20 kg | 4‐m GS | <0.8 m/s |
| Lera | 2017 | 1006 | EWGSOP | 192 (19.1) | DXA | ASM/ht2: M: <7.19 kg/m2; F: <5.77 kg/m2 | HGS | M: ≤27 kg; F: ≤15 kg | 3‐m GS | <0.8 m/s |
| Locquet | 2018 | 288 | EWGSOP | 43 (14.9) | DXA | AMM/ht2: M: <7.26 kg/m2; F: <5.50 kg/m2 | HGS | M: <30 kg; F: <20 kg | SPPB | <8 points |
| Martinez | 2015 | 110 | EWGSOP | 24 (21.8) | Lee equation | SMM/ht2: M: ≤8.90 kg/m2; F: ≤6.37 kg/m2 | HGS | M: <30 kg; F: <20 kg | 6‐m GS | ≤0.8 m/s |
| Matsumoto | 2017 | 162 | AWGS | 9 (5.6) | BIA | M: <7.0 kg/m2; F: <5.7 kg/m2 | HGS | M: <26 kg; F: <18 kg | 5‐m GS | ≤0.8 m/s |
| Menant | 2017 | 410 | EWGSOP | 88 (21.5) | DXA | ASM/ht2: M: <7.2 kg/m2; F: <5.5 kg/m2 | HGS | M: <30 kg; F: <20 kg | 6‐m GS | ≤0.8 m/s |
| 419 | Baumgartner | 97 (23.2) | DXA | ASM/ht2: M: <7.26 kg/m2; F: <5.45 kg/m2 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| 419 | Scott | 139 (33.2) | DXA | Bottom tertile of the residuals from the regression of ALM (g) on height (m) and fat mass (g): M: <326.4; F: <2217.8 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| 419 | Levine & Crimmins | 57 (13.6) | DXA | ALM (as % body mass): M: <25.72%; F: <19.43% | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| Menant | 2017 | 419 | Bouchard | 306 (73.0) | DXA | ASM/ht2: M: <8.51 kg/m2; F: <6.29 kg/m2 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 314 | HGS‐based | 127 (40.4) | NA | NA | HGS | M: <30 kg; F: <20 kg | NA | NA | ||
| 419 | KES‐based | 84 (20.0) | NA | NA | KES | M: <23.64 kg; F: <15.24 kg | NA | NA | ||
| Meng | 2015 | 771 | EWGSOP 1 | 44 (5.7) | DXA | ALM/ht2: M: <6.39 kg/m2; F: <4.84 kg/m2 | HGS | M: <30 kg; F: <20 kg | 5‐m GS | <0.8 m/s |
| EWGSOP 2 | 75 (9.7) | DXA | ALM (as % body mass): M: <27.1%; F: <22.3% | HGS | M: <30 kg; F: <20 kg | 5‐m GS | <0.8 m/s | |||
| Schaap | 2018 | 496 | EWGSOP | 158 (31.9) | DXA | ASM/ht2: M: ≤7.26 kg/m2; F: ≤ 5.45 kg/m2 | HGS | M: <30 kg; F: <20 kg | GS (walk 3 m, a turn of 180° and walk the 3 m) | ≤0.8 m/s |
| FNIH 1 | 39 (7.9) | DEXA | M: <19.75 kg; F: <15.02 kg | HGS | M: <26 kg; F: <16 kg | NA | NA | |||
| FNIH 2 | 31 (6.3) | DEXA | M: <19.75 kg; F: <15.02 kg | HGS | M: <26 kg; F: <16 kg | GS (walk 3 m, a turn of 180° and walk the 3 m) | ≤0.8 m/s | |||
| Scott | 2017 | 1486 | EWGSOP | 237 (15.9) | DXA | ALM/ht2: M: <7.25 kg/m2 | HGS | M: <30 kg | 6‐m GS | ≤0.8 m/s |
| 1486 | FNIH | 119 (8.0) | DXA | ALMBMI: M: <0.789 | HGS | M: <26 kg | NA | NA | ||
| Steihaug | 2018 | 201 | EWGSOP | 77 (38.3) | Heymsfield formula using anthropometry to estimate ALM (Kim et al. formula) | ALM/ht2: M: ≤7.25 kg/m2; F: ≤5.67 kg/m2 | HGS | M: ≤30 kg; F: ≤20 kg | Questionnaire (new mobility score) | <5 points |
| Sjöblom | 2013 | 590 | NG | 69 (11.7) | DXA | Relative SMI: F: <6.3 kg/m2 | HGS | F: <22.3 kPA | 10‐m GS | F: >7 s |
| Tanimoto | 2014 | 1110 | EWGSOP | 160 (14.4) | BIA | AMM/ht2: M: <7.0 kg/m2; F: <5.8 kg/m2 | HGS | Lowest HGS quartile | 5‐m GS | Slowest GS quartile |
| Trajanoska | 2018 | 5911 | EWGSOP | 260 (4.4) | DXA | ALM/ht2: M: ≤7.25 kg/m2; F: ≤5.67 kg/m2 | HGS | M: ≤29 kg (if BMI ≤ 24); ≤30 kg (if BMI ≤ 24.1–28); ≤32 kg (if BMI > 28); F: ≤17 kg (if BMI ≤ 23); ≤17.3 kg (if BMI ≤ 23.1–26), ≤18 kg (BMI ≤ 26.1–29), ≤21 kg (if BMI > 29) | 5.79‐m GS | M: <0.65 m/s (if height ≤ 173 cm) or <0.76 m/s (if height > 173 cm); F: <0.65 m/s (if height ≤ 159 cm) or <0.76 m/s (if height > 159 cm) |
| Van Puyenbroeck | 2012 | 276 | NG | 67 (24.3) | BIA | SM/ht2: M: 8.058 kg/m2; F: 6.154 kg/m2 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 276 | NG | 225 (81.5) | BIA | SM/weight × 100: M: <33.94; F: <24.76 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| 276 | NG | 178 (64.5) | BIA | SM: M: <25.99 kg; F: <16.15 kg | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| Woo | 2014 | 2848 | Kim | 1404 (49.3) | DXA | ASM/weight: M: <29.9%; F: <25.1% | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Yamada | 2013 | 1882 | EWGSOP | 414 (22.0) | BIA | Appendicular SMM/ht2: M: <6.75 kg/m2; F: <5.07 kg/m2 | HGS | M: <30 kg; F: <20 kg | 10‐m GS | <0.8 m/s |
| Yoo | 2016 | 1970 | AWGS | 352 (17.8) | DXA | SMM/ht2: M: <7.0 kg/m2; F: <5.4 kg/m2 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 1970 | EWGSOP | 439 (22.3) | DXA | SMM/ht2: M: <7.26 kg/m2; F: <5.5 kg/m2 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| Yoshimura | 2018 | 637 | AWGS | 343 (53.0) | BIA | SM/ht2: M: <7.0 kg/m2; F: <5.7 kg/m2 | HGS | M: <26 kg; F: <18 kg | NA | NA |
| Yu | 2014 | 4000 | AWGS | 293 (7.3) | DXA | ASM/ht2: M: <7.0 kg/m2; F: <5.4 kg/m2 | HGS | M: <26 kg; F: <18 kg | 6‐m GS | <0.8 m/s |
ALM, appendicular lean mass; AMM, appendicular muscle mass; ASM, appendicular skeletal muscle mass; AWGS, Asia Working Group for Sarcopenia; BIA, bioelectrical impedance analysis; BMI, body mass index; DXA, dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry; EWGSOP, European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People; F, females; FNIH, Foundation for the National Institutes of Health; GS, gait speed; HGS, handgrip strength; ht, height; IWGS, International Working Group on Sarcopenia; KES, knee extension strength; M, males; MAMC, mid‐arm muscle circumference; N, sample size; NA, not applicable; NG, not given; SCWD, Society for Sarcopenia, Cachexia, and Wasting Disorders; SM, skeletal muscle; SMM, skeletal muscle mass; SMI, skeletal muscle index; SPPB, short physical performance battery; TUG, Timed Up & Go.