Figure 5.

Exposure to AβOs reduces levels of astrocyte TGF-β1 in vitro and in vivo. TGF-β1 immunoreactivity in hippocampal astrocytes in vitro (A–C) and in vivo (D–I). Intracerebroventricular infusion of AβOs in mice and exposure of astrocyte cultures to AβOs reduced TGF-β1 levels in vitro (C, in-cell Western), and in vivo (F, Western blotting; G–I, immunohistochemistry). Scale bars: A, B, 10 μm; D, E, H, 30 μm. **p < 0.010 and ***p < 0.001, Student's t test (C, F, I); n = 5 experiments with independent astrocyte cultures, and three animals per experimental group; 30–35 cells were analyzed per experimental condition (I).