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Limited effects of EE-VEx on CFA-induced peripheral inflammation. A, Representative photographs showing CFA-induced paw swelling. B, CFA-induced paw swelling was not affected by EE-VEx. n = 8 in each group. C, CFA injection upregulated local inflammatory factors, including IL-1β, IL-6, CRP, and TNF-α, in swollen paws, none of which were affected by EE-VEx. n = 8 in each group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, one-way ANOVA.
