Table 1.
Characteristics of study subjects by year of interaction
| Variable | Year | ||||
| 2011 (n=4065) | 2012 (n=4570) | 2013 (n=4547) | 2014 (n=4295) | 2015 (n=3870) | |
| Age of mother (years) | |||||
| 12–19 | 12.18 (495) | 12.21 (558) | 12.93 (588) | 13.36 (574) | 13.00 (503) |
| 20–29 | 45.98 (1869) | 46.74 (2136) | 49.44 (2248) | 47.10 (2023) | 44.13 (1708) |
| 30–39 | 34.49 (1402) | 34.49 (1576) | 32.31 (1469) | 33.20 (1426) | 35.45 (1372) |
| ≥40 | 7.36 (299) | 6.56 (300) | 5.32 (242) | 6.33 (272) | 7.42 (287) |
| *Household size | |||||
| One member | 14.46 (588) | 17.51 (800) | 19.51 (887) | 18.39 (790) | 18.60 (720) |
| Small | 29.25 (1189) | 28.71 (1312) | 28.83 (1311) | 30.31 (1302) | 29.66 (1148) |
| Medium | 40.54 (1 648) | 38.99(1782) | 37.39 (1700) | 37.58 (1614) | 37.13 (1437) |
| Large | 15.74 (640) | 14.79 (676) | 14.27 (649) | 13.71 (589) | 14.60 (565) |
| †Education | |||||
| No formal education | 53.11 (2159) | 50.61 (2313) | 47.57 (2163) | 44.75 (1922) | 43.02 (1665) |
| Primary | 23.30 (947) | 24.38 (1114) | 25.62 (1165) | 25.96 (1115) | 26.05 (1008) |
| Middle/JHS | 19.43 (790) | 20.94 (957) | 21.35 (971) | 22.93 (985) | 24.52 (949) |
| Secondary+ | 4.16 (169) | 4.07 (186) | 5.45 (248) | 6.36 (273) | 6.41 (248) |
| Religion | |||||
| Christian | 55.60 (2260) | 54.20 (2477) | 54.52 (2479) | 53.81 (2311) | 56.98 (2205) |
| Muslims | 29.69 (1207) | 29.43 (1345) | 28.79 (1309) | 31.04 (1333) | 29.25 (1132) |
| Traditional | 2.48 (101) | 2.76 (126) | 2.49 (113) | 2.84 (122) | 2.53 (98) |
| No religion | 6.67 (271) | 6.59 (301) | 6.55 (298) | 6.82 (293) | 6.69 (259) |
| Missing data | 5.56 (226) | 7.02 (321) | 7.65 (348) | 5.49 (236) | 4.55 (176) |
| First pregnancy | 25.39 (1032) | 24.90 (1138) | 25.12 (1142) | 25.26 (1085) | 22.25 (861) |
| Use of ITNs | 54.51 (2216) | 65.69 (3002) | 77.68 (3532) | 80.23 (3446) | 77.83 (3012) |
| Number of ANC visits | |||||
| 0 or 1 visit | 6.99 (284) | 6.39 (292) | 7.15 (325) | 6.43 (276) | 7.05 (273) |
| 2–4 visits | 44.94 (1827) | 44.73 (2044) | 44.64 (2030) | 44.77 (1923) | 42.95 (1662) |
| 5 or more visits | 48.07 (1954) | 48.88 (2234) | 48.21 (2192) | 48.80 (2096) | 50.00 (1935) |
| ‡Ethnicity | |||||
| Akan | 19.58 (796) | 20.63 (943) | 20.23 (920) | 20.84 (895) | 21.14 (818) |
| Northern Tribes | 57.96 (2356) | 57.40 (2623) | 57.69 (2623) | 57.88 (2486) | 57.78 (2236) |
| Mo | 12.05 (490) | 10.96 (501) | 11.55 (525) | 11.94 (513) | 12.07 (467) |
| Others | 7.77 (316) | 7.59 (347) | 6.82 (310) | 7.22 (310) | 6.87 (266) |
| Missing data | 2.63 (107) | 3.41 (156) | 3.72 (169) | 2.12 (91) | 2.14 (83) |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married | 48.51 (1972) | 47.35 (2164) | 45.22 (2056) | 43.66 (1875) | 45.40 (1757) |
| Not married | 51.49 (2093) | 52.65 (2406) | 54.78 (2491) | 56.34 (2420) | 54.60 (2113) |
| Wealth index | |||||
| Poorest | 25.58 (1040) | 21.49 (982) | 20.91 (951) | 15.37 (660) | 20.70 (801) |
| More poor | 23.30 (947) | 21.18 (968) | 21.33 (970) | 19.23 (826) | 21.42 (829) |
| Poor | 22.16 (901) | 20.57 (940) | 20.67 (940) | 19.09(820) | 19.77 (765) |
| Less poor | 17.93 (729) | 19.50 (891) | 19.68 (895) | 19.72 (847) | 19.92 (771) |
| Least poor | 10.80 (439) | 16.98 (776) | 17.29 (786) | 26.33 (1131) | 17.83 (690) |
| Missing data | 0.22 (9) | 0.28 (13) | 0.11 (5) | 0.26 (11) | 0.36 (14) |
| Place of residence | |||||
| Rural | 68.29 (2776) | 64.81 (2962) | 65.60 (2983) | 66.78 (2868) | 66.72 (2582) |
| Urban | 31.71 (1289) | 35.19 (1608) | 34.40 (1564) | 33.22 (1427) | 33.28 (1288) |
Data are presented as percentage (frequency).
*Small (2–4 people), medium (5–10 people) and large (more than 10 people).
†Secondary+ (secondary school education or higher) and junior high school (JHS).
‡Northern tribes (tribes from any of the three Northern regions of Ghana) and other (any other ethnic group).
ANC, antenatal care; JHS, junior high school; ITNs, insecticide-treated net.