Table 5.

Individual study bias and applicability summary using the PROBAST tool

Study	Risk of bias				Concern regarding applicability			Overall
	Participants	Predictors	Outcome	Analysis	Participants	Predictors	Outcome	Risk of bias	Applicability
Model development studies
Margel et al 201421	high	high	low	high	high	high	low	high	high
Nguyen et al 200922	high	high	high	high	high	low	high	high	high
Feuer et al 201223	high	unclear	low	high	high	low	low	high	high
Kutikov et al 201224	unclear	low	low	high	low	high	low	high	high
Cowen et al 200625	high	unclear	unclear	high	unclear	low	low	high	unclear
Kerkmeijer et al 201626	low	low	high	unclear	low	low	low	high	low
Gnanapragasam et al 2016 27	high	low	low	high	low	low	low	high	low
Tewari et al 200428	high	low	low	high	unclear	low	low	high	unclear
Howlader et al 201429	unclear	high	low	high	high	low	low	high	high
External validation studies
Gnanapragasam et al 201831	high	low	low	high	low	low	low	high	low
Feuer et al 201430	unclear	low	unclear	unclear	low	low	low	unclear	low
Cooperberg et al 200932	low	high	low	high	low	low	low	high	high

PROBAST, Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool.