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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Prev Med. 2018 Oct 18;118:196–204. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.10.012
Model 1 Model 2
RRR 95% CI RRR 95% CI RRR 95% CI RRR 95% CI
Maternal race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White
Non-Hispanic Black 1.69 1.66 1.72 0.67 0.65 0.68 1.75 1.72 1.79 0.61 0.60 0.63
Non-Hispanic Asian 2.29 2.24 2.34 0.44 0.43 0.45 1.99 1.87 2.11 0.51 0.47 0.55
Hispanic 1.17 1.15 1.19 0.85 0.83 0.86 1.26 1.23 1.30 0.78 0.76 0.80
Mom foreign-born 0.93 0.91 0.94 0.98 0.96 0.99 1.08 1.05 1.11 0.86 0.84 0.87
Maternal Race/Ethnicity x Foreign-Born
 non-Hispanic Black x Foreign-born 0.79 0.76 0.83 1.45 1.39 1.51
 non-Hispanic Asian x Foreign-born 1.03 0.96 1.10 0.96 0.89 1.05
 Hispanic x Foreign-born 0.79 0.76 0.82 1.25 1.21 1.29
Maternal Ethnicity (ref = nH White)
 Mexican 1.01 0.97 1.04 0.90 0.87 0.93 1.11 1.01 1.21 0.87 0.79 0.95
 Cuban 1.02 0.95 1.11 0.94 0.88 1.00 1.07 0.97 1.18 0.86 0.80 0.93
 Puerto Rican 1.32 1.29 1.35 0.76 0.74 0.78 1.34 1.30 1.38 0.74 0.72 0.76
 Central/South American 1.02 1.00 1.05 0.93 0.91 0.95 1.13 1.08 1.18 0.82 0.79 0.86
 Other Latina 1.11 1.05 1.18 0.89 0.84 0.94 1.10 0.98 1.24 0.74 0.66 0.84
Mom foreign-born 1.02 1.00 1.04 0.91 0.89 0.93 1.08 1.05 1.11 0.86 0.84 0.88
Maternal Race/Ethnicity x Foreign-Born
 Mexican x Foreign-born 0.86 0.78 0.95 1.09 0.99 1.21
 Cuban x Foreign-born 0.86 0.73 1.00 1.28 1.13 1.45
 Puerto Rican x Foreign-born 0.92 0.87 0.98 1.15 1.09 1.22
 Central/South American x Foreign-born 0.85 0.80 0.90 1.21 1.15 1.27
 Other Latina x Foreign-born 0.96 0.84 1.11 1.34 1.17 1.53
Maternal Ethnicity (ref = nH White)
 Chinese 1.23 1.16 1.30 0.57 0.54 0.61 1.49 1.30 1.69 0.53 0.46 0.61
 Asian Indian 2.50 2.42 2.58 0.43 0.41 0.45 2.84 2.59 3.10 0.32 0.26 0.38
 Korean 1.22 1.15 1.30 0.57 0.53 0.61 1.24 1.02 1.52 0.68 0.56 0.82
 Filipina 1.64 1.56 1.72 0.59 0.56 0.63 1.63 1.45 1.83 0.61 0.53 0.69
 Other Asian 1.82 1.70 1.95 0.52 0.47 0.57 1.47 1.16 1.86 0.69 0.53 0.89
Mom foreign-born 1.07 1.04 1.10 0.86 0.84 0.88 1.09 1.06 1.12 0.86 0.84 0.88
Maternal Race/Ethnicity x Foreign-Born
 Chinese x Foreign-born 0.79 0.68 0.91 1.10 0.94 1.29
 Asian Indian x Foreign-born 0.86 0.78 0.95 1.38 1.15 1.66
 Korean x Foreign-born 0.96 0.78 1.19 0.83 0.67 1.02
 Filipina x Foreign-born 0.99 0.87 1.12 0.97 0.84 1.12
 Other Asian x Foreign-born 1.24 0.97 1.59 0.73 0.55 0.97

Note: Models controlled for maternal education, Medicaid participation, employed in year prior to birth, married, maternal age, gestational age, male infant, parity, chronic diabetes, gestational diabetes, pregnancy-induced hypertension, chronic hypertension, pre-eclampsia, prenatal smoking, weight gain, and early prenatal care initiation. “NS” indicates not statistically significant at the p < .05 level or better.