Table 1. Characteristics of study participants.
| Died <D3 | Alive after D3 of admission | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | N = 12 | All (N = 348) | With BMI (N = 303) | BMI missing (N = 45) | |
| Age (years) | mean (SD) | 47.8 (18.0) | 45.3 (15.0) | 45.5 (14.8) | 44.0 (16.5) |
| Age (category) | 18–40 | 5 (41.7) | 139 (39.9) | 118 (38.9) | 21 (46.7) |
| 41–65 | 4 (33.3) | 177 (50.9) | 157 (51.8) | 20 (44.4) | |
| >65 | 3 (25.0) | 32 (9.2) | 28 (9.2) | 4 (8.9) | |
| Sex | Female | 3 (25.0) | 106 (30.5) | 92 (30.4) | 14 (31.1) |
| Male | 9 (75.0) | 242 (69.5) | 211 (69.6) | 31 (68.9) | |
| Highest Education Achieved | Primary | 6 (50.0) | 117 (33.6) | 99 (32.7) | 18 (40.0) |
| Secondary | 4 (33.3) | 169 (48.6) | 148 (48.8) | 21 (46.7) | |
| Tertiary | 2 (16.7) | 48 (13.8) | 43 (14.2) | 5 (11.1) | |
| Vocational | 14 (4.0) | 13 (4.3) | 1 (2.2) | ||
| Occupation | Not Working | 5 (41.7) | 152 (44.1) | 127 (42.3) | 25 (55.6) |
| Service and Sales | 3 (25.0) | 107 (31.0) | 97 (32.3) | 10 (22.2) | |
| Trades and Manual Labour | 3 (25.0) | 63 (18.3) | 54 (18.0) | 9 (20.0) | |
| Office Work | 1 (8.3) | 23 (6.7) | 22 (7.3) | 1 (2.2) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | Mean (SD) | 14.1 (3.1) [N = 5] | - | 17.9 (3.7) | - |
| BMI (category; kg/m2) | > = 17kg/m2 | - | - | 162 (53.5) | |
| <17kg/m2 | - | - | 141 (46.5) | ||
| MUAC (cm) | Mean (SD) | 18.1 (3.3) | 20.0 (3.6) | 20.3 (3.5) | 18.0 (3.7)a |
| Any food intake in the past 24 hours | No | 14 (6.1) | 11 (5.2) | 3 (17.6) | |
| Yes | 4 (100.0) | 214 (93.9) | 200 (94.8) | 14 (82.4) | |
| Food intake over past month | No decrease | 99 (43.4) | 93 (44.1) | 6 (35.3) | |
| Moderate decrease | 3 (75.0) | 112 (49.1) | 104 (49.3) | 8 (47.1) | |
| Severe decrease | 1 (25.0) | 17 (7.5) | 14 (6.6) | 3 (17.6) | |
| Diabetic | Non-diabetic (HbA1c<6.5%) | 8 (72.7) | 283 (82.3) | 248 (82.4) | 35 (81.4) |
| Diabetic (HbA1c> = 6.5% or on treatment) | 3 (27.3) | 61 (17.7) | 53 (17.6) | 8 (18.6) | |
| HbA1c category | Normal HbA1c (<6.5%) | 8 (72.7) | 291 (84.6) | 254 (84.4) | 37 (86.0) |
| Mild/Mod HbA1c (> = 6.5%-7.9%) | 2 (18.2) | 24 (7.0) | 22 (7.3) | 2 (4.7) | |
| Severe HbA1c (> = 8%) | 1 (9.1) | 29 (8.4) | 25 (8.3) | 4 (9.3) | |
| Anaemia Status | Non-Anaemic | 4 (36.4) | 97 (28.8) | 90 (30.7) | 7 (15.9) |
| Mild Anaemia (Hgb 11.0–12.9/11.0–11.9 g/dL [M/F]) | 4 (36.4) | 94 (27.9) | 84 (28.7) | 10 (22.7) | |
| Moderate Anaemia (Hgb 8.0–10.9 g/dL) | 1 (9.1) | 108 (32.0) | 91 (31.1) | 17 (38.6) | |
| Severe Anaemia (Hgb <8 g/dL) | 2 (18.2) | 38 (11.3) | 28 (9.6) | 10 (22.7)b | |
| HIV Status | Negative | 1 (8.3) | 116 (33.3) | 112 (37.0) | 4 (8.9) |
| Positive | 22 (6.3) | 17 (5.6) | 5 (11.1) | ||
| Not known (refused) | 11 (91.7) | 210 (60.3) | 174 (57.4) | 36 (80.0) | |
| Study Defined TB | Not TB | 5 (41.7) | 47 (13.5) | 40 (13.2) | 7 (15.6) |
| TB | 4 (33.3) | 286 (82.2) | 252 (83.2) | 34 (75.6) | |
| Unclassifiable | 3 (25.0) | 15 (4.3) | 11 (3.6) | 4 (8.9) | |
| Hospital Diagnosed TB | No | 34 (10.1) | 31 (10.7) | 3 (6.7) | |
| Yes | 12 (100.0) | 301 (89.9) | 259 (89.3) | 42 (93.3) | |
| MDR TB | No | 4 (100.0) | 277 (89.9) | 249 (90.5) | 28 (84.8) |
| Yes (Xpert RIF resistance or on MDR-regimen) | 31 (10.1) | 26 (9.5) | 5 (15.2) | ||
| Direct sputum smear microscopy | Acid-fast bacilli negative | 4 (33.3) | 201 (57.8) | 186 (61.4) | 15 (33.3) |
| Acid-fast bacilli positive | 99 (28.4) | 84 (27.7) | 15 (33.3) | ||
| Missing | 8 (66.7) | 48 (13.8) | 33 (10.9) | 15 (33.3) | |
| Albumin (g/L) | Mean (SD) | 22.7 (5.8) | 23.5 (6.8) | 24.2 (6.5) | 20.1 (7.2) |
| Hypoalbuminemia (<20 g/L) | No | 4 (66.7) | 119 (67.6) | 106 (73.6) | 13 (40.6) |
| Yes | 2 (33.3) | 57 (32.4) | 38 (26.4) | 19 (59.4) | |
| C-reactive protein (mmol/L) | Median (IQR) | 11.9 (6.5–14.7) | 6.9 (2.3–12.2) | 6.5 (2.2–11.5) | 10.7 (5.2–14.6) |
| C-reactive protein category | <0.5 mmol/L | 19 (6.9) | 19 (7.9) | ||
| 0.5–16 mmol/L | 7 (77.8) | 220 (80.3) | 194 (80.2) | 26 (81.2) | |
| >16.0 mmol/L | 2 (22.2) | 35 (12.8) | 29 (12.0) | 6 (18.8) | |
| Serum Creatinine (umol/L) | Median (IQR) | 69.2 (37.3–86.0) | 73.1 (57.1–95.4) | 73.1 (57.5–93.5) | 73.2 (56.6–108.1) |
| Serum AST (IU/L) | Median (IQR) | 51.0 (33–216) | 27.0 (18–47) | 27.0 (18–47) | 27.0 (18–45) |
| Serum ALT (IU/L) | Median (IQR) | 32.0 (22–53) | 27.0 (17–41) | 28.0 (17–42) | 21.5 (15–31) |
| Critical AST, ALT, creatinine or blood urea nitrogenc | No | 3 (50.0) | 174 (90.2) | 151 (91.0) | 23 (85.2) |
| Yes | 3 (50.0) | 19 (9.8) | 15 (9.0) | 4 (14.8) | |
| Serum Potassium (mmol/L) | Mean (SD) | 4.5 (0.9) | 4.1 (0.7) | 4.2 (0.7) | 3.8 (0.8) |
| Serum Sodium (mmol/L) | Mean (SD) | 140.6 (4.8) | 138.4 (6.0) | 138.9 (5.6) | 134.8 (7.9) |
| Serum Chloride (mmol/L) | Mean (SD) | 101.8 (6.1) | 100.6 (6.9) | 101.3 (6.7) | 96.9 (7.0) |
| Serum Phosphate (mmol/L) | Mean (SD) | 1.6 (0.8) | 1.3 (0.5) | 1.3 (0.5) | 1.3 (0.4) |
| Serum Magnesium (mmol/L) | Mean (SD) | 0.8 (0.2) | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.1) |
| Serum corrected Calcium (mmol/L) | Mean (SD) | 2.4 (0.3) | 2.4 (0.2) | 2.4 (0.2) | 2.4 (0.2) |
| Any Critical Electrolyted | No | 5 (71.4) | 214 (80.1) | 198 (82.2) | 16 (61.5) |
| Yes | 2 (28.6) | 53 (19.9) | 43 (17.8) | 10 (38.5)e | |
| Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS)f | No | 1 (8.3) | 69 (19.8) | 60 (19.8) | 9 (20.0) |
| Yes | 11 (91.7) | 279 (80.2) | 243 (80.2) | 36 (80.0) | |
BMI, Body Mass Index; MUAC, Mid-Upper Arm Circumference.
a MUAC was significantly lower in the group in whom BMI could not be assessed compared to those with BMI available (t-test, p = 0.0002)
b More severe anaemia was observed in the group without BMI compared to those with BMI data (chi2 test for trend, p = 0.003)
c Critical levels defined as 5 x upper limit of normal according to San Lazaro Hospital laboratory reference ranges
e A greater probability of one or more critically low electrolytes was observed in the group without BMI compared to those with BMI data (chi2 test p<0.0001)
f SIRS defined as body temperature >38.3° or <36.0°C, heart rate > 90 beats per minute, respiratory rate > 20 breaths per minute, and a total white blood cell count <4 or >12 x 109