Table 3.
Adjusted hazard ratios for death by site among AYAs by selected patient and tumor characteristics, California, 1988–2014
| Risk group | Distant | Male | Older AYAs* | Asian and Pacific Islander | Black | Latino white | Low and mid-low SES |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||
| Reference group | Localized | Female | Younger AYAs | Non-Latino white | Non-Latino white | Non-Latino white | High and mid-high SES |
| aHR (95% CI) | aHR (95% CI) | aHR (95% CI) | aHR (95% CI) | aHR (95% CI) | aHR (95% CI) | aHR (95% CI) | |
| Total | 6.32† (6.20 to 6.45) | 1.47‡ (1.44 to 1.49) | 1.42‡ (1.40 to 1.44) | 1.12† (1.09 to 1.15) | 1.46† (1.42 to 1.50) | 1.06† (1.04 to 1.08) | 1.31† (1.29 to 1.34) |
| Bone and soft tissue sarcoma | 7.19 § (6.48 to 7.98) | 1.14 § (1.06 to 1.24) | 1.14 § (1.05 to 1.24) | 1.26 § (1.09 to 1.46) | 1.39 § (1.20 to 1.60) | 1.23 § (1.11 to 1.35) | 1.10 § (1.00 to 1.21) |
| Brain and CNS: Benign | — | 1.13 (0.86 to 1.48) | 1.07 (0.81 to 1.40) | 0.87 (0.52 to 1.46) | 0.75 (0.40 to 1.37) | 1.20 (0.88 to 1.64) | 2.13 (1.50 to 3.05) |
| Brain and CNS: Invasive | 2.00 § (1.69 to 2.36) | 1.29 § (1.22 to 1.37) | 1.38 § (1.30 to 1.47) | 1.22 § (1.10 to 1.36) | 1.09 § (0.95 to 1.24) | 1.05† (0.98 to 1.13) | 1.20 § (1.12 to 1.29) |
| Breast | 11.85† (11.07 to 12.68) | 1.00 § (0.65 to 1.54) | 0.93 § (0.89 to 0.97) | 0.90 § (0.84 to 0.96) | 1.46 § (1.37 to 1.56) | 0.99 § (0.94 to 1.04) | 1.36† (1.29 to 1.42) |
| Cervix | 18.99† (16.99 to 21.22) | — | 1.10 § (1.03 to 1.19) | 1.13 § (0.96 to 1.32) | 1.66 § (1.46 to 1.89) | 1.01 § (0.92 to 1.10) | 1.31 § (1.19 to 1.44) |
| Colorectal | 13.37† (12.06 to 14.82) | 1.34 § (1.26 to 1.43) | 0.99 § (0.93 to 1.06) | 1.00† (0.90 to 1.10) | 1.14 § (1.02 to 1.27) | 0.93 § (0.86 to 1.00) | 1.39† (1.29 to 1.51) |
| Kaposi sarcoma | 1.78 § (1.67 to 1.90) | 1.31‡ (1.05 to 1.64) | 0.99 § (0.94 to 1.03) | 0.91 § (0.77 to 1.08) | 1.08† (1.01 to 1.17) | 0.90 § (0.85 to 0.95) | 1.07† (1.02 to 1.13) |
| Kidney | 33.90† (28.42 to 40.44) | 1.29 § (1.11 to 1.50) | 1.00 § (0.87 to 1.15) | 1.14 § (0.86 to 1.51) | 1.49† (1.21 to 1.84) | 0.95 § (0.80 to 1.13) | 1.26 § (1.07 to 1.50) |
| Leukemia: ALL | — | 1.10 § (1.00 to 1.21) | 1.83† (1.67 to 2.01) | 1.15 § (0.95 to 1.40) | 1.69 § (1.36 to 2.11) | 1.29 § (1.14 to 1.45) | 1.26 § (1.12 to 1.43) |
| Leukemia: AML | — | 1.17 § (1.08 to 1.27) | 1.17 § (1.07 to 1.28) | 0.98 § (0.86 to 1.12) | 1.20 § (1.02 to 1.42) | 0.98 § (0.88 to 1.08) | 1.14† (1.03 to 1.27) |
| Leukemia: CML | — | 1.20† (1.03 to 1.39) | 1.00 § (0.86 to 1.16) | 0.81 § (0.63 to 1.03) | 1.27 § (0.99 to 1.63) | 0.97 § (0.81 to 1.15) | 1.54 § (1.29 to 1.83) |
| Lip, oral cavity, and pharynx | 6.23 § (5.09 to 7.63) | 1.47 § (1.28 to 1.69) | 1.47‡ (1.28 to 1.68) | 1.10 § (0.88 to 1.37) | 1.41‡ (1.13 to 1.76) | 0.87 § (0.72 to 1.04) | 1.37 § (1.17 to 1.60) |
| Lung | 13.07† (10.96 to 15.58) | 1.18 † (1.09 to 1.28) | 1.23 § (1.13 to 1.35) | 0.82 § (0.73 to 0.92) | 0.98 § (0.87 to 1.12) | 0.82 § (0.73 to 0.91) | 1.27 § (1.16 to 1.40) |
| Lymphoma: Hodgkin | 2.12† (1.81 to 2.48) | 1.44 § (1.31 to 1.59) | 1.46 § (1.32 to 1.62) | 1.12† (0.89 to 1.40) | 1.51 § (1.29 to 1.77) | 1.15 § (1.02 to 1.30) | 1.51 § (1.34 to 1.69) |
| Lymphoma: Non-Hodgkin | 1.70† (1.60 to 1.81) | 2.28‡ (2.14 to 2.42) | 1.18 § (1.12 to 1.24) | 0.69† (0.62 to 0.77) | 1.12† (1.03 to 1.22) | 1.01† (0.95 to 1.07) | 1.29† (1.21 to 1.37) |
| Melanoma | 31.42† (28.22 to 34.97) | 1.71 § (1.59 to 1.84) | 1.20 § (1.11 to 1.29) | 1.78 § (1.34 to 2.38) | 1.21‡ (0.80 to 1.83) | 1.01 § (0.90 to 1.15) | 1.63 § (1.49 to 1.77) |
| Ovary: Carcinoma | 8.13 § (6.82 to 9.69) | — | 1.14 § (1.02 to 1.28) | 1.21 § (1.02 to 1.44) | 1.33 § (1.04 to 1.70) | 1.10 § (0.95 to 1.28) | 1.14 § (0.99 to 1.31) |
| Ovary: Germ cell | 5.09 § (3.03 to 8.54) | — | 1.92 § (1.19 to 3.09) | 0.77 § (0.33 to 1.79) | 1.56 § (0.70 to 3.48) | 1.10 § (0.62 to 1.97) | 1.72 § (0.93 to 3.18) |
| Stomach | 11.10 § (8.83 to 13.95) | 1.08 § (0.99 to 1.18) | 0.98 § (0.90 to 1.07) | 0.96 § (0.83 to 1.10) | 1.22 § (1.00 to 1.48) | 1.04† (0.92 to 1.18) | 1.06 § (0.94 to 1.19) |
| Testis | 7.76† (6.96 to 8.65) | — | 1.26‡ (1.12 to 1.40) | 1.49 § (1.15 to 1.93) | 1.54† (1.18 to 2.02) | 1.28† (1.15 to 1.42) | 1.54 § (1.37 to 1.72) |
| Thyroid | 5.02† (4.00 to 6.31) | 2.46 § (2.10 to 2.87) | 1.75 § (1.50 to 2.04) | 0.82 § (0.64 to 1.07) | 1.03 § (0.69 to 1.52) | 0.95 § (0.79 to 1.14) | 1.87 § (1.56 to 2.24) |
| Uterus | 20.70† (16.02 to 26.74) | — | 1.33 § (1.08 to 1.64) | 1.16 § (0.87 to 1.55) | 1.61 § (1.06 to 2.42) | 0.89 § (0.69 to 1.14) | 1.22 § (0.96 to 1.56) |
| Other‖ | 5.96 § (5.59 to 6.35) | 1.29 § (1.24 to 1.35) | 1.31‡ (1.26 to 1.37) | 1.25‡ (1.18 to 1.33) | 1.21 § (1.12 to 1.30) | 1.12 § (1.06 to 1.19) | 1.32 § (1.25 to 1.39) |
Older to younger AYAs included 25–34 to 15–24 years for bone and soft tissue sarcoma, ALL, AML, Hodgkin lymphoma, ovarian germ cell, and testis (sites with higher frequencies in younger AYAs). Older to younger AYAs included 35–39 to 15–34 years for remaining sites (sites with higher frequencies in older AYAs). Adjusted hazard ratio signifies adjustment for all other factors (stage, sex, age, race and ethnicity, socioeconomic status [SES]) for time period 1988–2014. aHR = adjusted hazard ratio; ALL = acute lymphocytic leukemia; AML = acute myeloid leukemia; AYA = adolescent and young adult; CI = confidence interval; CML = chronic myeloid leukemia; CNS = central nervous system.
Indicates that when testing for interaction by time period, there is a statistically significant increase in adjusted hazard ratio from 1988–2000 to 2001–2014.
Indicates that when testing for interaction by time period, there is a statistically significant decrease in adjusted hazard ratio from 1988–2000 to 2001–2014.
§indicates that when testing for interaction by time period, no statistically significant change in adjusted hazard ratio from 1988–2000 to 2001–2014. No superscript indicates there was no testing for interaction by time period, as for benign brain and CNS, as it was not reportable until 2001. See Supplementary Table 4 (available online) for details.
Other indicates all noncategorized invasive cancers and benign intracranial tumors. See Supplementary Table 2 (available online) for cancer sites included in other.