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. 2019 Jun 27;14(6):e0218872. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218872

Table 3. Univariate and multivariate multinomial logistic regression for factors associated with geriatric impairment among elderly (≥60 years) in Karachi, Pakistan.

Univariate Analysis (Crude) Multivariable Analysis (Adjusted)
p-value p-value
Exactly one Exactly two Three or more Exactly one Exactly two Three or more
OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI) OR (95% CI)
Patient Age Group (in years) <0.001 0.004
60–64 1.45 (0.37, 5.74) 0.44 (0.13, 1.54) 0.29 (0.08, 1.03) 2.21 (0.52, 9.44) 0.85 (0.23, 3.17) 0.60 (0.16, 2.28)
65–69 1.29 (0.32, 5.17) 0.43 (0.12, 1.52) 0.21 (0.06, 0.75) 1.81 (0.42, 7.80) 0.67 (0.18, 2.53) 0.30 (0.08, 1.19)
70–74 1.74 (0.42, 7.26) 0.65 (0.18, 2.40) 0.53 (0.14, 1.97) 2.20 (0.50, 9.71) 0.91 (0.24, 3.48) 0.73 (0.18, 2.87)
75–84 1.15 (0.27, 4.95) 0.81 (0.22, 3.02) 0.55 (0.14, 2.09) 1.47 (0.32, 6.72) 1.16 (0.29, 4.57) 0.76 (0.19, 3.10)
85 & above (Ref.)
Gender <0.001 <0.001
Female 1.14 (0.73, 1.80) 2.33 (1.49, 3.63) 3.22 (1.99, 5.18) 1.05 (0.63, 1.75) 1.94 (1.17, 3.21) 2.45 (1.42, 4.25)
Male (Ref.)
Patient Ethnicity 0.061
Urdu (Ref.)
Sindhi 1.14 (0.41, 3.16) 0.94 (0.34, 2.60) 1.50 (0.53, 4.29)
Punjabi 1.71 (0.83, 3.53) 1.99 (0.98, 4.06) 2.21 (1.05, 4.66)
Pashto 0.62 (0.23, 1.69) 1.15 (0.46, 2.89) 1.25 (0.47, 3.36)
Hindko 0.86 (0.33, 2.25) 0.74 (0.28, 1.94) 1.10 (0.40, 2.99)
Other 1.18 (0.52, 2.67) 1.85 (0.84, 4.06) 2.82 (1.26, 6.32)
Patient Marital Status <0.001
Others 0.93 (0.58, 1.49) 1.79 (1.14, 2.81) 2.50 (1.55, 4.05)
Currently Married (Ref.)
Patient Education Level <0.001 <0.001
Illiterate 0.91 (0.37, 2.26) 9.12 (2.77, 30.02) 29.79 (3.57, 248.55) 0.92 (0.34, 2.46) 6.98 (1.85, 26.34) 15.08 (1.72, 132.43)
Below Primary 1.10 (0.36, 3.37) 6.69 (1.73, 25.91) 22.56 (2.44, 208.67) 1.21 (0.36, 4.03) 5.05 (1.13, 22.66) 11.57 (1.17, 114.60)
Primary 0.90 (0.31, 2.61) 5.48 (1.48, 20.34) 19.83 (2.21, 178.32) 1.00 (0.33, 3.04) 5.05 (1.21, 21.07) 12.40 (1.32, 116.85)
Middle 2.70 (0.71, 10.22) 8.05 (1.69, 38.44) 10.50 (0.91, 121.39) 2.84 (0.72, 11.18) 6.92 (1.31, 36.55) 6.94 (0.57, 83.83)
Matric 1.58 (0.54, 4.63) 4.90 (1.28, 18.82) 11.20 (1.19, 105.13) 1.92 (0.62, 5.98) 5.45 (1.26, 23.68) 8.52 (0.86, 84.99)
Intermediate 0.75 (0.22, 2.52) 2.20 (0.50, 9.75) 4.00 (0.35, 45.38) 1.11 (0.31, 4.05) 2.48 (0.48, 12.89) 5.00 (0.41, 60.69)
Graduate 1.31 (0.39, 4.45) 4.20 (0.96, 18.33) 2.33 (0.17, 32.58) 1.70 (0.48, 5.98) 4.65 (0.95, 22.73) 2.54 (0.17, 37.06)
Post Graduate & above (Ref.)
Patient Body Mass Index <0.001 0.001
<18.5 (underweight) 1.24 (0.52, 2.98) 2.04 (0.88, 4.72) 2.69 (1.14, 6.36) 1.40 (0.57, 3.44) 1.88 (0.79, 4.48) 2.30 (0.94, 5.61)
18.5–24.99 (Normal) (Ref.)
25–29.99 (overweight) 0.62 (0.37, 1.04) 0.52 (0.31, 0.86) 0.46 (0.26, 0.80) 0.63 (0.37, 1.06) 0.50 (0.30, 0.85) 0.44 (0.24, 0.78)
30 & above (obese) 1.54 (0.68, 3.49) 0.93 (0.40, 2.12) 1.12 (0.47, 2.65) 1.63 (0.70, 3.77) 0.84 (0.36, 1.99) 0.91 (0.37, 2.25)
Diabetes Mellitus 0.225
No (Ref.)
Yes 1.21 (0.71, 2.08) 1.11 (0.65, 1.88) 0.83 (0.47, 1.47)
CAD 0.441
No (Ref.)
Yes 1.61 (0.83, 3.12) 1.30 (0.68, 2.51) 1.34 (0.68, 2.66)
Hypertension 0.127
No (Ref.)
Yes 0.80 (0.51, 1.25) 0.99 (0.64, 1.54) 1.17 (0.73, 1.86)
CVA 0.001 0.014
No (Ref.)
Yes 6.22 (0.83, 46.74) 10.47 (1.43, 76.88) 11.44 (1.54, 85.1) 4.88 (0.64, 37.45) 7.91 (1.06, 59.24) 8.94 (1.17, 68.33)
Osteoporosis 0.062 0.033
No (Ref.)
Yes 1.89 (1.10, 3.23) 1.48 (0.87, 2.52) 1.81 (1.04, 3.14) 1.98 (1.10, 3.57) 1.30 (0.72, 2.34) 1.57 (0.84, 2.94)
Osteoarthritis 0.004
No (Ref.)
Yes 1.11 (0.71, 1.76) 1.30 (0.83, 2.03) 1.97 (1.21, 3.21)
Loss of vision <0.001
No (Ref.)
Yes 13216403.1 (8320572.4, 20992943.9) 46654394.7 (32559487.9, 66850945.3) 519988222.4 (519988222.4, 519988222.4)
Hearing Loss <0.001
No (Ref.)
Yes 15484200.2 (6168107.7, 38870990.7) 29729664.5 (15833983.1, 55820000.9) 449357811.2 (449357811.2, 449357811.2)
Household Size 0.473
<5 (Ref.)
5–7 0.89 (0.40, 1.97) 0.79 (0.36, 1.88) 0.48 (0.21, 1.08)
8–9 0.77 (0.33, 1.79) 0.83 (0.36, 1.88) 0.56 (0.24, 1.30)
10 & above 0.77 (0.35, 1.66) 0.85 (0.40, 1.81) 0.57 (0.26, 1.24)
Total Children in the household <0.001 0.004
None (Ref.)
1–2 1.05 (0.52, 2.10) 1.10 (0.55, 2.21) 1.49 (0.67, 3.28) 1.05 (0.50, 2.20) 1.03 (0.48, 2.21) 1.56 (0.65, 3.73)
3–4 0.96 (0.49, 1.86) 1.07 (0.55, 2.08) 1.54 (0.72, 3.27) 0.94 (0.45, 1.96) 1.06 (0.50, 2.24) 1.62 (0.69, 3.81)
5–6 1.32 (0.62, 2.84) 2.39 (1.13, 5.06) 4.23 (1.86, 9.60) 1.39 (0.61, 3.18) 2.25 (0.98, 5.15) 4.37 (1.74, 11.01)
7 & above 1.19 (0.58, 2.47) 2.35 (1.15, 4.80) 4.09 (1.87, 8.97) 1.25 (0.56, 2.79) 2.10 (0.95, 4.67) 4.15 (1.70, 10.13)