Table 4.
Factors associated with mental health outcomes among adolescents living with HIV
| Variable | Unadjusted β [95% CI]1 | P-value | Adjusted β [95% CI]2 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conner’s ADHD | ||||
| Male gender (versus female) | 4.31 [0.44, 8.19] | 0.029 | 3.21 [−0.69, 7.11] | 0.106 |
| Ever repeated a grade at school (versus never repeated a grade) | 6.25 [2.36, 10.15] | 0.002 | 5.82 [1.87, 9.78] | 0.004 |
| Life Events | 0.54 [0.21, 0.86] | 0.001 | 0.49 [0.17, 0.81] | 0.003 |
| Children’s Motivation Scale | ||||
| Male gender (versus female) | −3.41 [−5.76, −1.05] | 0.005 | −3.36 [−5.81, −0.91] | 0.008 |
| Ever repeated a grade at school (versus never repeated a grade) | −2.85 [−5.27, −0.44] | 0.021 | −2.74 [−5.25, −0.23] | 0.033 |
| Caregiver is not a biological parent (versus a biological parent) | −2.63 [−5.22, −0.04] | 0.046 | −2.83 [−5.35, −0.30] | 0.028 |
| CBCL Internalising Problems | ||||
| Currently on 2nd or 3rd line ART regimen (versus 1st line) | 4.57 [0.90, 8.24] | 0.015 | 4.66 [0.91, 8.42] | 0.015 |
| Caregiver is not a biological parent (versus a biological parent) | −2.66 [−5.76, 0.44] | 0.092 | −3.35 [−6.48, −0.22] | 0.036 |
| Caregiver quality of life | −0.11 [−0.21, −0.01] | 0.037 | −0.13 [−0.24, −0.03] | 0.014 |
| Life Events | 0.37 [0.13, 0.62] | 0.003 | 0.33 [0.06, 0.60] | 0.017 |
| CBCL Externalising Problems | ||||
| Currently on 2nd or 3rd line ART regimen (versus 1st line) | 5.02 [1.45, 8.59] | 0.006 | 5.73 [2.24, 9.22] | 0.001 |
| Life Events | 0.32 [0.09, 0.56] | 0.007 | 0.34 [0.11, 0.57] | 0.004 |
| CBCL Total Problems | ||||
| Family resources | −0.09 [−0.16, −0.02] | 0.010 | −0.07 [−0.14, 0.00] | 0.038 |
| Life Events | 0.49 [0.24, 0.73] | <0.001 | 0.42 [0.17, 0.67] | 0.001 |
| CBCL Total Competence | ||||
| Current grade at school | 1.52 [0.57, 2.46] | 0.002 | 1.53 [0.25, 2.80] | 0.019 |
| Ever repeated a grade at school (versus never repeated a grade) | −5.21 [−7.29, −3.12] | <0.001 | −3.15 [−5.50, −0.81] | 0.009 |
| Adolescent has had HIV-related illnesses (versus no illnesses) | −2.75 [−4.94, −0.55] | 0.015 | −2.14 [−4.18, −0.09] | 0.041 |
| Family support | 0.10 [0.03, 0.17] | 0.005 | 0.09 [0.03, 0.16] | 0.006 |
| Beck Self-Concept Inventory | ||||
| Male gender (versus female) | 2.15 [−0.39, 4.69] | 0.097 | 2.77 [0.28, 5.25] | 0.030 |
| Current grade at school | 1.75 [0.65, 2.85] | 0.002 | 1.44 [0.03, 2.85] | 0.046 |
| Age at ART initiation | 0.69 [0.19, 1.19] | 0.007 | 0.63 [0.14, 1.13] | 0.012 |
| Beck Anxiety Inventory | ||||
| Life Events | 0.72 [0.44, 1.01] | <0.001 | 0.72 [0.44, 1.01] | <0.001 |
| Beck Depression Inventory | ||||
| Life Events | 0.91 [0.66, 1.16] | <0.001 | 0.83 [0.57, 1.08] | <0.001 |
| HIV-related stigma | 9.72 [2.21, 17.24] | 0.012 | 9.93 [2.88, 16.98] | 0.006 |
| Beck Anger Inventory | ||||
| Family assets | −0.81 [−1.41, −0.20] | 0.009 | −0.71 [−1.30, −0.11] | 0.021 |
| Life Events | 0.79 [0.51, 1.07] | <0.001 | 0.71 [0.41, 1.01] | <0.001 |
| HIV-related stigma | 7.89 [−0.27, 16.06] | 0.058 | 8.18 [0.24, 16.13] | 0.044 |
| Beck Disruptive Behaviour Inventory | ||||
| Life Events | 0.60 [0.35, 0.85] | <0.001 | 0.55 [0.29, 0.80] | <0.001 |
| HIV-related stigma | 10.67 [3.77, 17.57] | 0.003 | 11.13 [4.27, 17.99] | 0.002 |
1
β: regression coefficient, 95% CI: 95% confidence interval;
2
Models are adjusted for all covariates shown as well as age and gender.