Figure 1. Overview of pathways involved with immunometabolism and their links to protein and cell function.

Both cytosolic and mitochondrial reactions generate important molecules that can modulate protein structure and function, regulate enzymatic reactions, and control cell fate and function. ACLY, ATP-citrate lyase; ETC, electron transport chain; GLS, glutaminase; α-KG, α-ketoglutarate; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; l-(S)-2-HG, l-(S)-2-hydroxyglutarate; MDH, malate dehydrogenase; mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA; OAA, oxaloacetate; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase.