Table 3.

Association between state alcohol and pregnancy policy environment and alcohol use during pregnancy, Models 1

	Any alcohol use
	OR	95% CI	p
No policy	ref
Punitive environment	1.44	[1.06, 1.96]	0.019
Supportive environment	1.25	[1.07, 1.47]	0.005
Mixed policy environment	1.11	[0.90, 1.38]	0.320
	Binge alcohol
	OR	95% CI	p
No policy	ref
Punitive environment	0.85	[0.47, 1.56]	0.604
Supportive environment	0.91	[0.63, 1.32]	0.627
Mixed policy environment	0.92	[0.61, 1.38]	0.682
	Heavy drinking
	OR	95% CI	p
No policy	ref
Punitive environment	0.60	[0.32, 1.13]	0.114
Supportive environment	0.87	[0.53, 1.42]	0.576
Mixed policy environment	0.75	[0.45, 1.24]	0.269

Models include individual-level controls (age, race, marital status, education, income, tobacco use, and physical activity) and state-level controls (% poverty, BAC laws, alcohol control state, and tobacco consumption) and fixed effects for state and year. All models were weighted and SEs were adjusted for clustering at the state level.