Table 4.
Association between state policies targeting alcohol use during pregnancy and alcohol use during pregnancy
| Models 2 | Model 3 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any alcohol use | ||||||
| aOR | 95% CI | p | aOR | 95% CI | P | |
| Mandatory Warning Signs | 0.94 | [0.77, 1.15] | 0.544 | 0.95 | [0.76, 1.19] | 0.651 |
| Priority Treatment for Pregnant Women | 0.84 | [0.64, 1.11] | 0.222 | 0.91 | [0.69, 1.19] | 0.474 |
| Priority Treatment for Pregnant Women & Women with Children | 1.28 | [1.11, 1.46] | <0.001 | 1.25 | [1.10, 1.41] | <0.001 |
| Reporting Requirements for Treatment & Data | 0.95 | [0.80, 1.14] | 0.600 | 0.98 | [0.82, 1.18] | 0.880 |
| Prohibitions on Criminal Prosecution | 0.79 | [0.57, 1.09] | 0.148 | 0.75 | [0.56, 1.01] | 0.061 |
| Civil Commitment | 0.82 | [0.64, 1.04] | 0.109 | 0.84 | [0.68, 1.05] | 0.132 |
| Reporting Requirements for CPS purposes | 0.86 | [0.71, 1.05] | 0.140 | 0.93 | [0.78, 1.11] | 0.411 |
| Child Abuse/Neglect | 1.02 | [0.83, 1.23] | 0.918 | 1.05 | [0.86, 1.28] | 0.656 |
| Binge alcohol | ||||||
| aOR | 95% CI | p | aOR | 95% CI | P | |
| Mandatory Warning Signs | 0.54 | [0.35, 0.83] | 0.005 | 0.56 | [0.36, 0.88] | 0.012 |
| Priority Treatment for Pregnant Women | 0.89 | [0.51, 1.55] | 0.688 | 0.89 | [0.58, 1.38] | 0.610 |
| Priority Treatment for Pregnant Women & Women with Children | 0.66 | [0.32, 1.39] | 0.278 | 0.77 | [0.48, 1.25] | 0.293 |
| Reporting Requirements for Treatment & Data | 0.96 | [0.74, 1.25] | 0.770 | 0.97 | [0.74, 1.27] | 0.813 |
| Prohibitions on Criminal Prosecution | 0.85 | [0.49, 1.48] | 0.572 | 1.07 | [0.64, 1.78] | 0.806 |
| Civil Commitment | 1.55 | [0.82, 2.92] | 0.178 | 1.56 | [0.90, 2.70] | 0.111 |
| Reporting Requirements for CPS purposes | 1.33 | [0.96, 1.85] | 0.089 | 1.24 | [0.95, 1.62] | 0.117 |
| Child Abuse/Neglect | 0.71 | [0.49, 1.04] | 0.080 | 0.69 | [0.52, 0.91] | 0.009 |
| Heavy drinking | ||||||
| aOR | 95% CI | p | aOR | 95% CI | P | |
| Mandatory Warning Signs | 0.72 | [0.40, 1.30] | 0.277 | 0.73 | [0.42, 1.28] | 0.276 |
| Priority Treatment for Pregnant Women | 1.03 | [0.65, 1.62] | 0.911 | 0.95 | [0.61, 1.47] | 0.819 |
| Priority Treatment for Pregnant Women & Women with Children | 0.57 | [0.32, 1.03] | 0.062 | 0.65 | [0.41, 1.04] | 0.074 |
| Reporting Requirements for Treatment & Data | 0.83 | [0.64, 1.07] | 0.150 | 0.87 | [0.70, 1.08] | 0.218 |
| Prohibitions on Criminal Prosecution | 0.61 | [0.40, 0.94] | 0.024 | 0.79 | [0.49, 1.27] | 0.338 |
| Civil Commitment | 1.90 | [0.87, 4.11] | 0.105 | 1.99 | [0.82, 4.83] | 0.126 |
| Reporting Requirements for CPS purposes | 1.05 | [0.67, 1.64] | 0.826 | 1.06 | [0.73, 1.54] | 0.766 |
| Child Abuse/Neglect | 0.62 | [0.43, 0.91] | 0.015 | 0.64 | [0.47, 0.87] | 0.004 |
Model 2s examine each policy separately and include individual-level controls (age, race, marital status, education, income, tobacco use, and physical activity) and state-level controls (% poverty, BAC laws, alcohol control state, and tobacco consumption) and fixed effects for state and year. Model 3 includes all alcohol policies with covariates included in Model 1s. All Models were weighted and SEs were adjusted for clustering at the state-level.
Grey background indicates supportive; white background indicates punitive