Table:

Location specific functions of HMGB1 in sepsis and trauma

Cell type	Posttranslational modification		Intracellular	Extracellular
	Modification	Functions
Monocyte & Macrophage	Acetylation with NLS site	Nucleus to the cytoplasm translocation [12]	Induce autophagy preventing macrophage cell death from endotoxemia and bacterial infection by mediating [67]	1. Induce cytokines and chemokine production [56,57] 2. Deliver LPS into the cytoplasm [25] 3. Induce pyroptosis [25,58]
	Phosphorylation with NLS site	Nucleus to the cytoplasm translocation [14, 21]
	Fully reduced, all thiol	Chemotaxis [41] Delivery of LPS into the cytoplasm [25]
	Disulfide	Inflammatory response [40,42–45]
Hepatocyte	Acetylation with NLS site	Nucleus to the cytoplasm translocation [18]	1. Stabilize nucleus and mitochondria preventing cell death during liver ischemia and reperfusion [50] 2. Activate Aim2 inflammasome [46]
	Phosphorylation with NLS site	Nucleus to the cytoplasm translocation [22]
	Fully reduced, all thiol	Activate Aim2 inflammasome [46]
Neutrophil	Methylation at lysine 42	Passive diffusion out of the nucleus [23]		1. Inflammatory response [60] 2. NADPH oxidase dysfunction [61] 3. Stimulate neutrophil extracellular trap formation [62]
Vascular endothelial cells				1. Inflammatory response [44,63] 2. Induce loss of endothelial integrity [66–68]
Intestinal epithelia cells			Bind to beclin initiating autophagy [49]	Induce mucosal barrier dysfunction [70]
Platelet			Activate platelets in sepsis [71]	Activate platelet and thrombosis in trauma [72]