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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jun 27.
Published in final edited form as: Behav Sleep Med. 2018 Dec 27;18(2):226–240. doi: 10.1080/15402002.2018.1557189

Table 4.

Model-adjusted effects (SE) of the lighting intervention (blue light mask) and the control condition (red light mask) relative to baseline, and to one another, on subjective measures of sleep quality and depression.

Instrument Intervention p value Control p value Treatment p value
All participants (N = 46)
 PSQI overall score −1.9 (0.5) < 0.001 −1.3 (0.5) 0.018 −0.6 (0.5) 0.21
 PSQI sleep efficiency 6.9 (2.9) 0.020 7.7 (3.2) 0.017 −0.7 (2.8) 0.79
 MOS sleep adequacy 16.1 (4.4) < 0.001 14.0 (4.8) 0.004 2.1 (4.2) 0.63
 MOS sleep problems −11.3 (2.4) < 0.001 −10.1 (2.6) < 0.001 −1.21 (2.3) 0.61
 ESS −1.9 (0.6) 0.003 −1.8 (0.7) 0.010 −0.1 (0.6) 0.85
 PROMIS-SD −3.2 (0.9) < 0.001 −2.3 (1.0) 0.019 −0.9 (0.9) 0.27
 PROMIS-SRI −2.5 (0.8) 0.004 −1.9 (0.9) 0.037 −0.6 (0.8) 0.48
 PHQ-9 −1.2 (0.4) 0.005 −1.3 (0.5) 0.006 0.1 (0.4) 0.90
Participants compliant with light mask (n = 23)
 PSQI overall score −2.8 (0.6) < 0.001 −1.8 (0.6) 0.006 −1.0 (0.6) 0.085
 PSQI sleep efficiency 10.9 (3.3) 0.002 8.9 (3.4) 0.010 2.0 (3.0) 0.51
 MOS sleep adequacy 21.9 (5.6) < 0.001 17.9 (5.7) 0.003 4.0 (5.1) 0.44
 MOS sleep problems −13.3 (3.4) < 0.001 −12.4 (3.4) < 0.001 −0.9 (3.1) 0.76
 ESS −2.4 (0.8) 0.006 −2.1 (0.9) 0.016 −0.3 (0.8) 0.73
 PROMIS-SD −3.5 (1.2) 0.005 −3.0 (1.2) 0.016 −0.5 (1.1) 0.66
 PROMIS-SRI −2.8 (1.2) 0.020 −2.8 (1.2) 0.022 0.004 (1.1) 1.00
 PHQ-9 −1.4 (0.5) 0.013 −1.6 (0.5) 0.004 0.3 (0.5) 0.59
Participants compliant with light mask + Actiwatch (n = 17)
 PSQI overall score −2.3 (0.8) 0.005 −1.5 (0.7) 0.049 −0.8 (0.7) 0.22
 PSQI sleep efficiency 8.2 (3.8) 0.038 7.8 (3.6) 0.034 0.4 (3.3) 0.91
 MOS sleep adequacy 13.4 (6.8) 0.054 11.6 (6.3) 0.071 1.8 (5.9) 0.76
 MOS sleep problems −10.0 (4.3) 0.026 −8.9 (4.0) 0.032 −1.0 (3.8) 0.78
 ESS −1.2 (0.9) 0.22 −1.3 (0.9) 0.14 0.1 (0.8) 0.88
 PROMIS-SD −3.1 (1.5) 0.050 −2.4 (1.4) 0.11 −0.7 (1.3) 0.59
 PROMIS-SRI −2.6 (1.3) 0.059 −2.1 (1.2) 0.10 −0.5 (1.2) 0.67
 PHQ-9 −0.8 (0.7) 0.25 −1.1 (0.6) 0.087 0.3 (0.6) 0.59

Note: Treatment effect = intervention effect minus control effect. Analyses controlled for period and carryover effects via linear mixed models. Note: Analyses were performed using Proc MIXED, SAS, version 9 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). P values are reported as final cell entries.