Table 4.
Model-adjusted effects (SE) of the lighting intervention (blue light mask) and the control condition (red light mask) relative to baseline, and to one another, on subjective measures of sleep quality and depression.
| Instrument | Intervention | p value | Control | p value | Treatment | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All participants (N = 46) | ||||||
| PSQI overall score | −1.9 (0.5) | < 0.001 | −1.3 (0.5) | 0.018 | −0.6 (0.5) | 0.21 |
| PSQI sleep efficiency | 6.9 (2.9) | 0.020 | 7.7 (3.2) | 0.017 | −0.7 (2.8) | 0.79 |
| MOS sleep adequacy | 16.1 (4.4) | < 0.001 | 14.0 (4.8) | 0.004 | 2.1 (4.2) | 0.63 |
| MOS sleep problems | −11.3 (2.4) | < 0.001 | −10.1 (2.6) | < 0.001 | −1.21 (2.3) | 0.61 |
| ESS | −1.9 (0.6) | 0.003 | −1.8 (0.7) | 0.010 | −0.1 (0.6) | 0.85 |
| PROMIS-SD | −3.2 (0.9) | < 0.001 | −2.3 (1.0) | 0.019 | −0.9 (0.9) | 0.27 |
| PROMIS-SRI | −2.5 (0.8) | 0.004 | −1.9 (0.9) | 0.037 | −0.6 (0.8) | 0.48 |
| PHQ-9 | −1.2 (0.4) | 0.005 | −1.3 (0.5) | 0.006 | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.90 |
| Participants compliant with light mask (n = 23) | ||||||
| PSQI overall score | −2.8 (0.6) | < 0.001 | −1.8 (0.6) | 0.006 | −1.0 (0.6) | 0.085 |
| PSQI sleep efficiency | 10.9 (3.3) | 0.002 | 8.9 (3.4) | 0.010 | 2.0 (3.0) | 0.51 |
| MOS sleep adequacy | 21.9 (5.6) | < 0.001 | 17.9 (5.7) | 0.003 | 4.0 (5.1) | 0.44 |
| MOS sleep problems | −13.3 (3.4) | < 0.001 | −12.4 (3.4) | < 0.001 | −0.9 (3.1) | 0.76 |
| ESS | −2.4 (0.8) | 0.006 | −2.1 (0.9) | 0.016 | −0.3 (0.8) | 0.73 |
| PROMIS-SD | −3.5 (1.2) | 0.005 | −3.0 (1.2) | 0.016 | −0.5 (1.1) | 0.66 |
| PROMIS-SRI | −2.8 (1.2) | 0.020 | −2.8 (1.2) | 0.022 | 0.004 (1.1) | 1.00 |
| PHQ-9 | −1.4 (0.5) | 0.013 | −1.6 (0.5) | 0.004 | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.59 |
| Participants compliant with light mask + Actiwatch (n = 17) | ||||||
| PSQI overall score | −2.3 (0.8) | 0.005 | −1.5 (0.7) | 0.049 | −0.8 (0.7) | 0.22 |
| PSQI sleep efficiency | 8.2 (3.8) | 0.038 | 7.8 (3.6) | 0.034 | 0.4 (3.3) | 0.91 |
| MOS sleep adequacy | 13.4 (6.8) | 0.054 | 11.6 (6.3) | 0.071 | 1.8 (5.9) | 0.76 |
| MOS sleep problems | −10.0 (4.3) | 0.026 | −8.9 (4.0) | 0.032 | −1.0 (3.8) | 0.78 |
| ESS | −1.2 (0.9) | 0.22 | −1.3 (0.9) | 0.14 | 0.1 (0.8) | 0.88 |
| PROMIS-SD | −3.1 (1.5) | 0.050 | −2.4 (1.4) | 0.11 | −0.7 (1.3) | 0.59 |
| PROMIS-SRI | −2.6 (1.3) | 0.059 | −2.1 (1.2) | 0.10 | −0.5 (1.2) | 0.67 |
| PHQ-9 | −0.8 (0.7) | 0.25 | −1.1 (0.6) | 0.087 | 0.3 (0.6) | 0.59 |
Note: Treatment effect = intervention effect minus control effect. Analyses controlled for period and carryover effects via linear mixed models. Note: Analyses were performed using Proc MIXED, SAS, version 9 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). P values are reported as final cell entries.