Table 1. Baseline characteristics.
| Characteristics | HFrEF (EF≤40%) | HFmrEF (40%≤EF≤50%) | Normal left ventricular systolic function (50%≤EF) | p value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total patients | 1,391 | 1,538 | 19,836 | ||
| Age (years) | 64.30±14.20 | 64.82±13.30 | 60.83±15.03 | <0.001 | |
| Female | 504 (36.21) | 558 (36.28) | 9,796 (49.38) | <0.001 | |
| Body surface area (m2) | 1.68±0.21 | 1.69±0.20 | 1.68±0.20 | 0.082 | |
| Echocardiography data | |||||
| EF | 27.97±7.36 | 44.07±2.77 | 59.90±6.50 | <0.001 | |
| Left atrial dimension (mm) | 45.84±12.64 | 43.67±9.47 | 40.34±8.46 | <0.001 | |
| Septal dimension (mm) | 10.08±1.87 | 10.61±1.74 | 10.12±1.90 | <0.001 | |
| Posterior wall thickness (mm) | 9.82±1.66 | 10.14±1.60 | 9.73±1.59 | 0.036 | |
| Aortic dimension (mm) | 32.85±4.96 | 33.14±4.53 | 31.60±4.12 | <0.001 | |
| E | 69.32±25.22 | 63.94±21.35 | 65.03±18.56 | <0.001 | |
| A | 65.71±23.73 | 71.78± 20.78 | 70.75±19.58 | <0.001 | |
| Deceleration time | 167.34±59.73 | 191.50±56.06 | 203.87±52.25 | <0.001 | |
| E′ | 4.81±2.11 | 5.37±1.96 | 6.53±2.51 | <0.001 | |
| A′ | 6.26±2.52 | 7.59±2.28 | 8.47±2.13 | <0.001 | |
| E/E′ | 17.35±9.79 | 14.17±8.12 | 11.45±5.71 | <0.001 | |
| Peak TRPG | 27.76±12.18 | 23.59±10.05 | 21.91±7.92 | <0.001 | |
| Estimated PA pressure | 33.75±14.31 | 27.97±11.08 | 25.63±9.05 | <0.001 | |
| Left ventricular systolic dimension (mm) | 46.62±10.98 | 36.23±6.94 | 29.19±5.11 | <0.001 | |
| Left ventricular diastolic dimension (mm) | 57.94±9.55 | 51.03±6.47 | 47.24±5.29 | <0.001 | |
| Total Electrocardiograms | 7,405 | 5,560 | 42,198 | ||
| AF or AFL | 2,010 (27.14) | 1,369 (24.62) | 5,036 (11.93) | <0.001 | |
| Heart rate | 85.41±22.91 | 79.08±20.00 | 73.76±17.66 | <0.001 | |
| QT interval | 410.43±58.77 | 412.54±55.91 | 405.42±46.52 | <0.001 | |
| QTc | 478.00±40.83 | 463.76±41.19 | 442.17±36.75 | <0.001 | |
| QRS duration | 111.95±27.81 | 102.65±23.04 | 96.21±18.36 | <0.001 | |
| R wave axis | 24.19±68.54 | 30.59±56.06 | 37.32±45.62 | <0.001 | |
| T wave axis | 94.04±87.79 | 69.10±81.08 | 49.94±59.54 | <0.001 | |
Data are shown as mean±standard deviation or number (%).
AF = atrial fibrillation; AFL = atrial flutter; EF = ejection fraction, HFrEF = heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HFmrEF = heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction; PA = pulmonary artery, TRPG = trans-tricuspid pressure gradient.
*An alternative explanation for this p value is based on differences between the 3 groups.